Physicochemical thaj chaw ntawm tej yam ntuj tso pa. Qhuav thiab siv cov natural gas

Lub gaseous lub xeev ntawm teeb meem - lub feem ntau yog muab piv rau lwm yam sau ua ib pawg kev twb kev txuas tsis. Tom qab tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv lub xeev no:

• hnub qub;
• interstellar qhov chaw;
• lub ntiaj chaw;
• cua;
• lub cosmos raws li ib tug tag nrho.

Lub ntsiab qhov txawv thaj chaw ntawm gases - yog tsis muaj zog intermolecular kev sib tshuam nyob rau hauv tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, vim hais tias cov neeg uas muaj qhia thiab tag nrho cov ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj. Gas, ntawm chav kawm, heev npaum li cas. Txawm li cas los, peb xav txog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau rau peb ntau nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no - ib tug natural.

Nkev: Muaj pes tsawg leeg

Yog hais tias tuab lub zoo pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub natural gas, nws yog tsim nyog kom sai li sai faib Cheebtsam ntawm ob pawg: organic thiab inorganic. Vim hais tias txawm hais tias nws yog lam xav hais tias nws yog tsim los ntawm cov methane, tab sis qhov no yog tsis muaj tseeb.

Organic muaj tej yam xwsli:

• methane - CH _4;
• hluav taws roj zeb - C ₃ H _8;
• butane - C ₄ H _10;
• ethane - C ₂ H _4;
• cev ntas hydrocarbons nrog carbon tooj ntau dua tshaj li tsib.

Inorganic Cheebtsam muaj xws li cov nram qab no sib txuas:

• hydrogen (nyob rau hauv me me) - H _2;
• carbon dioxide - CO _2;
• Helium - tsis;
• nitrogen - N _2;
• hydrogen sulfide - H ₂ S.

Yuav ua li cas raws nraim yog tus yeees ntawm ib tug sib tov nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw, i.e. deposits. Cov tib yog vim li cas thiab ntau yam physico-tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm tej yam ntuj tso pa. Txawm li cas los, ib tug ntawm lawv yog muab rho tawm thiab cov nqi kuj muaj ib tug. Cia li ib co zoo yog siv raws li ib tug roj, thiab mob siab heev txawv teb chaws impurities heev roj yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj kev lag luam rau lub synthesis ntawm cov tebchaw.

Physicochemical thaj chaw ntawm natural gas

Yuav kom qhia kom meej cov tsis raws nraim, koj yuav tsum paub raws nraim li cas nyob tus yeees ntawm cov roj sib tov. Tom qab tag nrho, yog tias prevails mas methane (97%) nyob rau ntawd, tus yam ntxwv yuav tsum uas tau tsav, coj rau nws.

Yog hais tias lub inorganic tivthaiv los yog hnyav hydrocarbons nyob rau hauv excess (mus txog ob peb feem pua), thaum lub physico-tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov roj hloov dheev.

Yog li ntawd, tsuas yog kwv yees ciam tsis nyob cev yam ntxwv yuav teev.

1. Txawj tiv cav tseb kub - 650-700 ⁰ C.
2. Lub octane tooj - 120-130.
3. Nws twb tsis muaj xim, saj thiab tsis hnov tsw.
4. Ntais dua cov pa yuav luag 2-fold, ib qho yooj yim mus mloog zoo nyob rau hauv lub chav sab saud.
5. Cov kev ceev ntawm ib tug ib txwm hauv lub xeev (gas) - 0,68-0,85 kg / m ^3.
6. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem tej yam kev mob, yeej ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug gaseous lub xeev ntawm aggregation.
7. Thaum tov nrog cua nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm 5-15% nws yog ib qho kev tawg teeb meem.
8. Calorific nqi - txog 46 MJ / m ^3.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg thiab tshuaj sab roj tsis.

1. Nws yog ib co combustible, muaj peev xwm ntawm nws tus kheej-zes thaum ua ntawv thov sparks thiab tsis muaj nws nyob rau lwm kub.
2. Txij li thaum lub ntsiab tivthaiv - methane, uas muaj tag nrho ntawm nws cov tshuaj zog.
3. Nkag mus rau hauv hloov tshua, dehydrogenation pyrolysis undergoes refraction.
4. Compressed thiab liquefied thaum uas tsis muaj kub thiab kom pressures.

Nws yog ib cuab kev hais tias xws li physico-tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov roj txiav txim ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam.

Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm natural gas

Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tebchaw - yog lub peev xwm tsim tau cov pa roj hydrate deposits, uas yog, nyob rau hauv lub khoom hauv lub xeev. Cov lug sawv cev rau ib tug reservoir ntawm dej lwg me me absorbed rau hauv lub ntim ntawm tej yam ntuj tso roj nyob rau hauv ib qho ratio ntawm 1/220. Yog li ntawd, cov deposits yog nplua nuj heev nyob rau hauv hom. Qhov chaw ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv concentration xwm:

• khoom seem txheej sib sib zog nqus khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov dej hiav txwv;
• txuam nrog ntawm permafrost.

Tej yam kev mob ntawm cov hav zoov - lub hydrodynamic siab thiab tsawg kub.

Gas-teb

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntuj roj nyob rau hauv cov xwm, nws yog ua tau los txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm concentration:

1. Qhov no roob txo, minerals, uas yog tsim nyob rau ntau millennia co lwj ntawm cov organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub sib sib zog nqus khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov kaub puab.
2. Yaj nyob rau hauv av.
3. Muaj nyob rau hauv cov roj, txoj kev ua roj thiab cov nkev hau dua nws.
4. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov roj hydrates nyob rau hauv lub khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm lub seabed, thiab huab ntsiab lus sab qaum teb.

Yog hais tias peb txhais lub tsev ntawm deposits ib thaj nyuag roj, cov thawj coj ntawm lub teb chaws no:

• Russia.
• Gulf teb chaws.
• US.
• Canada.
• Iran.
• Kazakhstan.
• Azerbaijan.
• Uzbekistan.
• Norway.
• Turkmenistan.
• Netherlands.

Qhuav nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog txhua xyoo kwv yees li 3,643 trillion m ³ ib xyoo. Ntawm no, tsuas Russia nyiaj 673 460 000 000 m ^3.

Qhov kub ntawm tej yam ntuj tso roj, qhov chaw uas nws yog hlawv, yog 650 ⁰ C. Hais tias yog, tus nqi uas nws muaj peev xwm rau nws tus kheej-zes. Qhov no tso ib tug ntau dua kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm tshav kub tshaj thaum lub sij hawm lub combustion ntawm lwm yam roj. Lawm, qhov no yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau cov uas ntawm kev siv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw.

Uas yog vim li cas ntau lub teb chaws uas tsis muaj tej yam ntuj tso roj reserves, muaj import nws los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws. Thauj ua nyob rau hauv ob peb txoj kev:

• los ntawm pipeline nyob rau hauv gaseous daim ntawv;
• nyob rau hauv tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm lub hiav txwv lawv - nyob rau hauv cov kua daim ntawv;
• nyob rau hauv railway tank tsheb - LPG.

Txhua lub paths nws muaj nws qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Nyob rau hauv kev, marine thiab kev tsheb nqaj hlau kev xaiv kev ruaj ntseg, vim reactivity ntawm liquefied gas nyob rau hauv thooj voos kheej kheej txias yog qis tshaj nyob rau hauv lub gaseous lub xeev. Lub raj dej kuj yuav tsub kom kis tau tus mob ntau yam thiab nws cov tagnrho, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txoj kev no yog kev lag kev luam lig.

Methane nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov nkev

Methane roj yog ib qho loj raw khoom tivthaiv nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm lub ntuj sib tov. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog hom twg los ntawm 70-98%. Los ntawm nws tus kheej, qhov no yog qhov peb feem ntau ntiaj chaw roj uas nkag mus rau hauv cov roj muaj pes tsawg leeg, ntawm interstellar qhov chaw, cov cua ntawm lwm lub planets.

Los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm Science News for KIDS, methane roj - nyeem hydrocarbon, hais txog ib tug series ntawm nyeem aliphatic tebchaw. Tus thawj sawv cev ntawm alkanes los yog paraffins. Nws reactivity yog tsawg tsawg, nws yog heev twj ywm. Tau hnov mob:

• hloov;
• tiav oxidation;
• hloov dua siab tshiab.

Khoom tsis muaj kob pa luam yeeb taw tes, muaj tsis muaj tsw.

Hom ntawm natural gas

Muaj peb hom ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug.

1. Qhuav natural gas - yog ib tug nyob rau hauv uas ntau tshaj 97% methane. Uas yog, cov ntsiab lus ntawm impurities, nrog rau lwm hydrocarbons, yog tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj.
2. Cov ntshiv roj. Yog li ntawd hu ua sib tov uas muaj ib tug me nyuam npaum li cas ntawm hnyav hydrocarbons.
3. Bold natural gas - ib tug uas yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv hnyav zog hydrocarbons thiab inorganic Cheebtsam (nitrogen, hydrogen, Helium, argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide).

Xws li ib tug lub tswv yim raws li lub coefficient ntawm roj dryness, ntsuam xyuas cov kev zoo ntawm cov raw khoom uas hereinafter yuav ua cov khoom. Tom qab tag nrho, natural gas xwb - nws yog tsuas yog lub hauv paus. Rau txawv industries xav tau lawv cov khoom, li ntawd nws yog huv si ua thiab ntxuav nyob rau hauv raws li cov cai.

zoo ntawm cov khoom

Nkev zoo yog ncaj qha nyob rau hauv lub muaj pes tsawg leeg. Yog hais tias methane prevails, ces cov khoom no yuav tsum yog tus zoo tshaj plaws raws li ib qhov chaw ntawm cov roj. Yog hais tias, txawm li cas los, feem ntau nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm fatty hydrocarbons, xws raw cov ntaub ntawv rau cov tshuaj kev lag luam - lub feem ntau tsim nyog.

Yuav kom muab roj zoo zoo, muaj kev tshwj xeeb tshuaj nroj tsuag, nyob qhov twg nws yog meej ntxuav ua ntej ntxiv zauv thiab xa mus rau qhov kawg lo lus uas peb. Txoj kev ntawm lub lag luam yog nyob ntawm seb lub hom phiaj uas cov khoom no yog npaj.

Piv txwv li, yog hais tias nws yuav siv tau rau domestic cov hom phiaj, ces nws yog ntxiv tshwj xeeb tshuaj, odorants, xws li mercaptans. Qhov no yog ua nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muaj tus ntxhiab tsw ntawm roj tau ua, vim hais tias ces nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm to nws yuav yooj yim rau ntes. Tag nrho mercaptans muaj ib tug pungent tsw.

Kev siv cov natural gas

Cov noj ntawm tej yam ntuj tso pa roj yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ntau industries thiab cov khoom. Piv txwv li:

• CHP.
• Boiler chav.
• Xyaw roj.
• Tshuaj ntau lawm (siv thiab ua cov yas thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv).
• Roj rau cov tsheb.
• Cua sov ntawm thaj chaw.
• Ua noj ua haus.

Yog li ntawd, lub ntiaj teb no zus tau tej cov raw cov ntaub ntawv yog zoo li ntawd, thiab tuaj txawv teb chaws thiab xa khoom yog kwv yees li ntawm billions ntawm cov nyiaj.

Cov ib puag ncig nam

Ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm kev coj dawb huv rau qhov tsis zoo roj qhov twg los tshaj tej yam ntuj tso pa. Environmental koom haum siab sau yuas nws siv. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no xyoo, combustion roj ua rau yus lub hnab khib ntawm ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv khoom - carbon dioxide.

Thiab raws li nws muaj feem rau tsev cog khoom gases, lub ntiaj chaw ntawm nws pab yaj yog heev txaus ntshai. Yog li ntawd ua heev heev tej hauj lwm, tej yaam num rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub ecological lub xeev ntawm cov ntiaj chaw ntawm lub looming tsev cog khoom nyhuv.