Tshuaj caij tin. Properties thiab daim ntawv thov ntawm tin

Txhua tshuaj caij nyob rau hauv lub periodic system, thiab kawm ntawv rau lawv yooj yim thiab complex tshuaj yog cim. Lawv muaj cim zog, thiab muaj ntau yam ua yog kawg yuav tseem ceeb pab rau tib neeg lub neej thiab hav zoov nyob rau hauv feem ntau. Tsis kos thiab cov tshuaj lub caij tin.

Plaug neeg rau tus hlau mus rov qab mus rau antiquity. Qhov no tshuaj caij tau ua si ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej rau hnub no tin zog yog lug siv.

Tin nyob rau hauv keeb kwm

Tus thawj mention ntawm no hlau, uas muaj, raws li cov neeg yav tas los xav tias, txawm ib co ntawm cov yam yees siv zog yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub biblical ntawv. Tseem ceeb heev rau kev txhim kho lub neej ntawm tin ua si thaum lub sij hawm "bronze" caug xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm, feem ntau check hlau hlau uas muaj tus txiv neej yog bronze, nws muaj peev xwm muab tau nyob rau hauv tooj liab ntxiv ib yam tshuaj caij tin. Rau ob peb lub centuries, qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas ua txhua yam los ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab xaus nrog lub hniav nyiaj hniav kub.

Tom qab tus foundations ntawm lub zog ntawm cov hlau-tin hlau tsis muaj kev siv, ntawm chav kawm, nws yog thov tsis tau rau tib lub scale, tab sis bronze, raws li zoo li ntau lwm alloys kev koom tes hnub no tus neeg nyob rau hauv lub lag luam, technology thiab cov tshuaj, nrog rau cov hlau salts, e.g., xws li chloride tin, uas yog tau ua los ntawm reacting tin nrog chlorine, qhov no kua boils ntawm 112 degrees Celsius, zoo soluble nyob rau hauv dej, nws cov ntaub ntawv crystalline hydrates thiab pa taws nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.

Caij txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Periodic Table

Tshuaj caij tin (Latin lub npe stannum - «stannum" sau cim SN) Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev rightly txheej txheem suav tsib caug nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib lub sij hawm. Muaj ob peb isotopes, feem ntau - lub isotope 120. Qhov no hlau yog tseem nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab pab pawg ntawm lub thib rau pab pawg neeg, ua ke nrog cov pa roj carbon, pob zeb ntais, germanium thiab Flerov. Nws qhov chaw nyob kwv yees amphoteric zog, sib npaug xam qhovkev tin thiab acid, thiab qhov yooj yim cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov uas yuav tau piav rau hauv qab no nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Lub Periodic rooj kuj muaj cov atomic hnyav ntawm tin, uas yog sib npaug zos rau 118,69. ² hluav taws xob configuration 5s 5p ² hais tias cov muaj pes tsawg leeg cov ntaub ntawv tso cai complex hlau muaj ib tug oxidation lub xeev ntawm +2 thiab +4, muab tsuas yog ob tug electrons rau p-sublayer los yog plaub thiab s- thiab p- kiag muab nchuav tag nrho cov txheej txheej.

Hauv cov yam ntxwv caij

Raws li cov atomic tooj ntawm tin atoms perinuclear qhov chaw muaj taw tes tsib caug electrons, lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv tsib theem, uas nyob rau hauv lem phua rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm sublevels. Tus thawj ob muaj tsuas yog tus s- thiab p-sub-ntau ntau, raws li zoo raws li los ntawm peb lub muaj yog ib tug peb lub ntsiab splitting mus rau hauv s-, p-, d-.

Xav txog ib tug sab nraud electron theem, txij li thaum nws yog ib lub qauv thiab sau cov electrons txiav txim tshuaj ua si atom. Nyob rau hauv lub unexcited xeev caij exhibits ib valence ntawm ob tug, muaj yog ib txoj kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub excitation ntawm ib tug electron los ntawm sublevel s-p mus rau lub tsis muaj lub rooj sub-txheej (uas tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug tshaj plaws ntawm peb unpaired electron). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub tin thiab muaj ib tug valence oxidation lub xeev - 4, vim tsis muaj khub electrons, thiab chaw pib nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm tshuaj sis rau lawv sublevels tsis muaj dab tsi tuas.

Tej yam yooj yim tshuaj hlau thiab nws cov khoom

Tej yam yooj yim tshuaj tin yog ib tug hlau nyiaj xim hais txog fusible pab pawg neeg. Hlau mos mos, kuj yooj yim amenable mus deformation. Ob peb xam qhovkev nta ntawm xws li ib tug hlau ua tin. Kub hauv qab no 13.2 degrees Celsius yog tus ciam ntawm cov kev hloov hlau tin hmoov hloov kho yog nrog los ntawm ib tug kev hloov ntawm cov xim los ntawm nyiaj-dawb rau gray teeb meem, thiab cov thawj ntawm ceev. Tin melts ntawm 231,9 degrees, thiab boils ntawm 2270 degrees Celsius. Dawb crystalline tetragonal tin hlau qauv qhia txog tus yam ntxwv ntawm pohrustyvanie thaum dabtsi yog khoov thiab cua sov nyob rau hauv qhov chaw los ntawm kev sib txhuam inflection siv lead ua tshuaj tiv thaiv txhua lwm yam. Grey tin muaj nyhav syngony.

Tshuaj tin zog muaj dual essence, nws nkag mus rau ob qho tib si acidic thiab yooj yim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas qhia amphoteric. Cov hlau reacts nrog alkalis, thiab acids xws li sulfuric thiab nitric acid, yog active nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog lub halogen.

tin alloys

Yog vim li cas feem ntau siv tsis ntshiab hlau alloys nrog ib tug tej feem pua ntawm cov constituent Cheebtsam? Qhov tseeb hais tias lub xam qhovkev thaj chaw ntawm lub alloy, uas tsis muaj ib tug neeg hlau, los yog cov chaw muaj ntau ntau dua (e.g., conductivity, ua hauj xeb, passivation los yog ua kom cov lub cev thiab tshuaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau, yog tias tsim nyog thiab lwm yam). Tin (yees duab qhia tau hais tias ib tug qauv ntawm qhov kev ntshiab hlau) yog ib feem ntawm ntau alloys. Nws yuav siv tau raws li ib tug additive los yog puag khoom.

Tam sim no, muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm ib tug hlau hlau, tin (tus nqi rau lawv mas nws txawv lug), saib cov feem ntau nrov thiab siv (siv ntawm tej alloys nws yuav mus rau qhov tsim nyog seem). Nyob rau hauv kev, stannuma alloys muaj cov nram qab yam ntxwv: siab ductility, tsis tshua muaj melting point, ib tug me me hardness thiab lub dag lub zog.

Ib co piv txwv ntawm alloys

• Cov hlau ntawm tin thiab cov hlau lead uas muaj ib co dopants (antimony, tooj liab, cadmium, zinc, silver, indium) - qhov thiaj li hu ua tin lo, qhov feem pua ntawm stannuma therein rau zoo tshaj plaws tsevneeg zog yuav tsum 49-51 los yog 59-61 feem pua. Daim ntawv cog lus zog kom tsim ntawm cov khoom tov ntawm tin fastened nrog cov hniav hlau.
• Garth - ib tug hlau ntawm tin, hlau thiab antimony - yog lub hauv paus ntawm typographical number case (uas yog vim li cas nws yog tsis pom zoo kom muab cov khoom noj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm, los mus tiv thaiv ingress ntawm pliaj ntau ntawm cov hlau).
• Babbit - tin hlau, cov hlau lead, tooj liab thiab antimony - yog yus muaj los ntawm cov uas tsis muaj kev sib txhuam, siab coj kuj.
• Ib hlau ntawm indium-tin - fusible khoom, uas yog xam qhovkev refractoriness, corrosion kuj thiab ib tug loj zog.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tej yam ntuj tso tebchaw

Tin ntaub ntawv ib tug series ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tebchaw - ores. Cov hlau 24 ntaub ntawv ib tug mineral compound, qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua lag luam muaj tin oxide - cassiterite thiab yokes - Cu ₂ FeSnS _4. Tin dispersed nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab, thiab lub tebchaw tsim los ntawm lawv, muaj ib tug sib nqus keeb kwm. Cov kev lag luam kuj siv poliolovyannyh acid ntsev thiab tin silicates.

Tin thiab tib neeg lub cev

Tshuaj caij tin yog ib tug kab keeb nyob rau hauv nws ntau cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Nws lub ntsiab pawg yog nyob rau hauv cov pob txha ntaub so ntswg, qhov twg qub hlau cov ntsiab lus tswj raws sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab nws cov zuag qhia tag nrho hauj lwm ntawm lub licas. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub pob txha, tin concentrates nyob rau hauv lub mob huam, lub ntsws, ob lub raum thiab lub plawv.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias ntev li txuam nrog ntawm cov hlau yuav ua tau kom ib tug general lom ntawm lub cev, thiab qhov ntau long-term raug - txawm nyob rau hauv cov nyom noob change. Tsis ntev los no, qhov teeb meem no yog heev tseem ceeb, raws li cov ecological lub xeev ntawm cov ib puag ncig yoojyim npaum li cas yuav tsum tau kawm. Lub siab yuav qhov muaj tseeb ntawm intoxication nrog tin neeg nyob ntawm lub zos thiab thaj chaw ib ncig ze muaj av. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau lom tshwm sim los ntawm tsub zuj zuj nyob rau hauv lub ntsws tin ntsev, xws li stannous chloride, thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tej qhov cim tseg caij tsis muaj peev xwm tej zaum yuav ua ib tug slowdown nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob, tsis hnov lus thiab cov plaub hau tsis tau.

daim ntawv thov

Cov hlau yog muag nyob rau hauv ntau steel nroj tsuag thiab tuam txhab uas muag. Nws yuav ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ingots, rods, hlau thooj voos kheej kheej, anodes ntshiab yooj yooj yim tshuaj xws li tin. Tus nqi yog hom twg los ntawm 900 mus 3000 rubles ib kg.

Tin nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv yog tsis tshua muaj siv. Feem ntau siv alloys thiab cov tebchaw - ntsev. Tin solder yog siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsevneeg qhov chaw uas tsis raug mus rau high kub thiab mob txhua yam loads, ua los ntawm tooj liab hlau, steel, tooj liab, tab sis tsis pom zoo rau manufactured los ntawm txhuas los yog nws alloys. Cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tin alloys yog piav nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus.

Solder siv rau solder chips, nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem no kuj zoo tagnrho raws li hlau alloys xws li tin. Diam duab qhia tau hais tias ib tug txheej txheem uas tso npe thov ib tug tin-lead hlau. Siv nws koj yuav ua hauj lwm heev nyias.

Vim nws cov high kuj mus xeb tin nws yog siv rau qhov siv thiab ua tinned iron (tinplate) - poom rau zaub mov. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, nyob rau hauv kev nyob rau hauv kev kho hniav, tin muab kev koom tes rau kev ua tau zoo ntsaws hniav. Tin-them brownies pipelines thiab nws alloys yog manufactured bearings. Invaluable pab mus rau qhov no tseem ceeb heev teeb meem thiab nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering.

Aqueous lub ntsiab ntawm tej stannous ntsev, fluoroborates, sulphates thiab chlorides yog siv raws li ntsha. Tin oxide - ib tug glaze rau ceramics. Los ntawm cov kev taw qhia mus rau hauv hnab yas thiab cov khoom cua ntaub ntawv los ntawm ntau yam derivatives ntawm tin nws yog tau txo lawv flammability thiab cais teeb meem pa.