Nyeem hydrocarbons: general yam ntxwv, isomers, tshuaj zog

Hydrocarbons - qhov nyuaj chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tshuaj, lub lwg me me muaj tsuas yog ob tug atoms ntawm tshuaj ntsiab - carbon thiab hydrogen. Ntawm ntau yam hydrocarbon los ntawm tshuaj synthesis txoj kev npaj feem ntau cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tebchaw.

Hydrocarbons raug muab faib ua ob subclasses - acyclic thiab cyclic. Los ntawm acyclic hydrocarbons, los yog fatty hydrocarbons los yog aliphatic hydrocarbons, muaj xws li cov nram qab no pawg: nyeem hydrocarbons (alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes, dienes), acyclic terpenes. Lub cyclic hydrocarbon pawg sawv cev cycloparaffins, arenas thiab cyclic terpenes. Terpenes tej zaum raug xa mus rau raws li tus kwv ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm bioorganic Science News for KIDS.

Nyeem hydrocarbons (alkanes) - compound ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab hydrogen molecules nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov uas valency seem tom qab cov kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms yog ib daim ntawv cog lus, nyeem carbon atoms ntawm Hydrogen. Tag nrho alkanes yuav suav hais tias raws li homologues los yog derivatives ntawm methane. Yog hais tias methane, uas muaj ib tug molecular mis ntawm CH4, rho ib hydrogen atom yog tsim particle - CH3 radical. Vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv lub molecule ntawm ib tug organic tshuaj xws li carbon yog feem ntau tetravalent, kev twb kev txuas ntawm ob tug radicals ua rau lub tsos ntawm ib tug thib ob tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub homologous series - ethane (C2H6). Yog hais tias ethane los ntawm qhov muab ib tug ntawm Hydrogen atom, muaj ib tug ethyl radical yog tsim, uas, tom qab kev twb kev txuas mus rau lub thib peb homolog ntaub ntawv CH3 - hluav taws roj zeb.

Cais cov yam ntxwv mis hluav taws roj zeb, ib qho yooj yim rau nruab, tias cov qauv ntawm nws cov molecule muaj ob hom ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms - thawj thiab. Txhua thawj carbon atom ua txhua yam rau ib tug carbon atom ntawm ib qho ntawm nws cov valency, thiab theem nrab - ob valencies rau ob carbon atoms. Yog hais tias rho tawm los ntawm tus thawj carbon atom ntawm Hydrogen hluav taws roj zeb, thawj propyl tsim los ntawm theem nrab - theem nrab propyl. Pub ntxiv tshaj cov thawj los sis theem nrab propyl bromide ua rau tsim ntawm structural variations ntawm cov plaub homolog. Ob tug sib txuas yog tsim - ncaj qub butane thiab isobutane carboxylic saw branched carbon saw.

Nyeem hydrocarbons: qauv

Ib tug raug tus neeg sawv cev ntawm alkanes yog methane. Molecular mis CH4. Rau molecules ntawm alkanes yog raug sigma daim ntawv cog lus. Cov qauv ntawm methane carbon atom ntaub ntawv plaub covalent bonds vim peb s- thiab p-orbitals thiab txhua ib hydrogen atom, - vim lub s-orbitals.

Nyeem hydrocarbons: nomenclature thiab isomerism

Thaum fading tawm, lub yam ntxwv mis ntawm lub homologous series ntawm methane, butane C4H10 txij li thaum peb ntsib kev cov phenomenon ntawm isomerism. Piv txwv li, molecular mis C4H10 raws li ob tug neeg sib txuas S5N12 - peb. Tom qab, tus xov tooj ntawm isomers nrog lub xov tooj ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule ntawm ib tug alkane qab. Piv txwv li, molecular mis S6N14 raws li tsib yam ntxwv qauv thiab ib tug neeg tebchaw, ntsig txog, S7N16 - 9, S8N18 - 18, C10H22 - 76 S12N26 - 355. Tus thawj plaub sawv cev alkanes - gases los ntawm lub thib tsib mus rau lub kaum ob - kua, txij li thaum lub thib kaum rau - cov khib nyiab .

Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm nyeem hydrocarbons

Tag nrho saturates inert tshuaj. Qhov no yog li ntawd hais tias cov molecules ntawm alkanes ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab hydrogen atoms txuas sigma bonds, yog li ntawd cov tebchaw yuav tsis raug txuas hydrogen atoms. Alkanes hnov mob radical halogenation, nitration, cleavage. Thaum lub sij hawm halogenation halogens yooj yim hloov atoms nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv ntawm Hydrogen alkane. Thaum nitriding nitro yooj yim pawg rau hydrogen nyob rau hauv lub tertiary, tsis yooj yim - nyob rau hauv lub thib ob thiab thawj carbon atom.

Noo thiab unsaturated hydrocarbons yog cov raw cov ntaub ntawv rau cov ntau yam organic tshuaj. Splitting tawm hydrogen atoms ntawm cov nyeem hydrocarbons yuav tau unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes).