TsimScience

Pluralism - ib tug multiplicity

Plurality nyob rau hauv philosophy yog ib lub tswvyim opposed MONISM. Lub sij hawm los ntawm lub Latin pluralis, uas lus txhais tau tias "ntau". Yog li, pluralism - yog cov kev taw qhia los ntawm lub teeb pib los yog hom. Lawv yog cov ywj siab thiab tsis raug kom nco ntsoov txhua lwm yam.

Lub sij hawm twb qhia rau cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv raws li ib tug los yog lwm yam tshuaj yooj yim philosophical lo lus nug, los yog tej zaum nws yuav tsum yog ib tug plurality idealistic los yog materialistic. Idealistic kev cai yog thaws rov los nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Leibniz, piv txwv li. Materialist conception yog pom nyob rau hauv reflections ntawm Empedocles, Spinoza.

Ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv no yog xav tau ib multiplicity ntawm dualism. Nws postulates muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg sab nraud hav zoov ntawm cov zoo tagnrho thiab cov khoom.

Yuav luag tag nrho cov philosophical tej lus qhia ntawm yav dhau los nrhiav seb puas muaj tus sib raug zoo ntawm sab hauv phenomena, txo lawv mus rau ib tug ib manifold puag. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lawv muaj ib tug monistic orientation. Txawm li cas los, los ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 cim reorientation pluralism. Qhov no tshwm sim uas haum hloov los ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm cov thawj pib (hauv paus ntsiab lus) ntawm lub ntug rau cov lus nug ntawm epistemology (kev tshawb xav ntawm kev txawj ntse).

Plurality nyob rau hauv epistemology siv conventionalism, ib tug neeg postpositivist tswv yim (piv txwv li, ib qho tseem ceeb realism, "anarchistic kev tshawb xav ntawm kev txawj ntse", thiab lwm yam).

Epistemological pluralism - yog ib tug tsis kam muab hauv paus kev sib sau ntawm kev txawj ntse. Plurality nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, noj li ib lub hauv paus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txawj ntse tsuas muaj lub tswv yim hais tias muaj yog ib tug txheej ntawm sab nraud, phooj ywg qhov chaw thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev txawj ntse. Tag nrho cov qhov chaw thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua nyob rau hauv raws li nws tus kheej cov kev cai (piv txwv li, artistic creativity, paub tsis meej, science, zoo tib yam kev txawj ntse , thiab lwm yam), uas qhia ob tog kom "daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no."

Plurality - yog feem ntau tsis kam los yog underestimation ntawm hauv paus ntsiab lus, tsis xav hais tias nws tseem tsis tau lub koom haum ntawm ib tug plurality ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab tej yam ua ke. Cov lus qhuab qhia yuav suav hais tias tshaj qhov yooj yim teeb meem thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib sau thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov khoom ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tus txheem pluralistic thiab monistic tswvyim tsis muaj lub cim ntawm ib tug meej.

Hauv vib this kev thiab lub outlook ntawm lub multiplicity yuav muaj kuab hais tias yuav tiv thaiv tau ib qho meej ntawm ib tug conceptual kev txiav txim, keeb kwm, raws li tau zoo raws li lub style daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no los yog xav txog qhov no los yog hais tias kev qauv ntawm kev txawj ntse. Nws siv lub xub ntiag ntawm ntau yam kev xaiv rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab creation ntawm kev txawj ntse, thiab yog li tsa lub tawm tsam thiab kev sib tw uas sib txawv theoretical thiab kev txawj ntse thiab methodological cov kev pab cuam.

Nom tswv pluralism - ib lub tswvyim uas yuav tsim ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev cai lij choj los ntawm lub zoo ib yam daim ntawv thov ntawm cov cai hais txog kev sib cais ntawm lub hwj chim. Raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm hauj lwm thiab cov koom haum, cov kev ywj pheej system nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws los qhia rau hauv muaj nyob rau hauv haiv neeg ntawm ntau yam ywj siab chaw thiab tej pawg neeg uas muaj lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam hauv lub tsim ntawm tsoom fwv, thaum tsis muaj nws (lub hwj chim) monopoly.

Tsis ntev los no, lub sij hawm "pluralism" yog feem ntau siv rau hauv nom tswv lub hom phiaj thiab kev xyaum ntawm socialism. Lub tswvyim ntawm socialist multiplicity captures lub rejection ntawm kev siv ntawm cov thawj tswj-hais kom ua system, lub simplistic xaav ntawm kev cai ywj pheej.

Cov ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tswv cuab ua raws li cov nyiaj txiag hauv paus ntawm pluralism. Raws li ib co sau phau ntawv, mus rau lub socialist muaj ntau haiv neeg muaj ntse, koj xav tau ib tug kev democratization ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm kev txo lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub xeev cov kev cai.

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