Muaj pes tsawg leeg tej zaum yuav muaj tawg ... Muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm tej radiations

Nuclear tawg - ib qho ntawm lub feem ntau txaus ntshai. Nws los yog unpredictable rau tus neeg. Dab tsi yog meant los ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm radioactivity? Yuav ua li cas yog meant by "loj" los yog "me" radioactivity? Uas hais yog ib feem ntawm ntau hom ntawm nuclear tawg?

Yuav ua li cas yog radioactivity?

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tawg tej zaum yuav muaj xws li ntau yam hais. Txawm li cas los, tag nrho peb hom ntawm hluav taws xob mus rau tib qeb - lawv yog hu ua cov ionizing. Qhov no lub sij hawm txhais li cas? Lub tawg zog yog incredibly siab - yog li thiaj li hais tias thaum lub tawg nce mus txog ib tug tej yam atom, nws knocks tawm ib qho electron los ntawm nws cov orbit. Ces atom, uas tau ua lub hom phiaj tawg yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau ib tug ion uas yog zoo them. Uas yog vim li cas lub atomic tawg hu ua ionizing, txawm nws tau koom rau tej yam. High kev kawm ionizing tawg txawv los ntawm lwm hom, xws li microwave los yog infrared.

Yuav ua li cas yog ionized?

Yuav kom to taub li cas tej zaum yuav yog ib feem ntawm cov tawg, nws yog tsim nyog los xav txog nyob rau hauv kom meej cov txheej txheem ntawm ionization. Nws hais raws li nram no. Atoms nrog ua looks zoo ib yam li ib tug me ntsis poppy noob (atomic nucleus) surrounded los ntawm cov orbits ntawm nws cov electrons zoo li lub plhaub ntawm tus npuas. Thaum tej lwj tshwm sim, lub noob pob kws yuav siv sij hawm tawm los ntawm no tsawg tshaj plaws speck - Alpha los yog beta hais. Thaum lub emission ntawm them hais, thiab hloov tus nqi ntawm lub nucleus, thiab qhov no txhais tau tias ib tug tshiab tshuaj yam khoom uas yog tsim nyob rau.

Cov hais tias ua li tus tawg coj raws li nram no. Muab los ntawm cov tub ntxhais grain rushing nrog lossis loj ceev tom ntej. Nyob rau nws txoj kev uas nws muaj peev xwm tsoo rau hauv lub plhaub ntawm lwm atom, thiab cia li khob ib qho electron tawm ntawm nws. Raws li twb tau hais, xws li ib atom nyob rau hauv lem them ion. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub tshuaj tshua tib yam li lub xov tooj ntawm protons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus tseem unchanged.

Nta ntawm lub tej lwj txheej txheem

Paub txog cov dab ua rau nws tau mus ntsuam xyuas raws li qhov uas quaj tawv heev tej lwj. Qhov no tus nqi yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv becquerels. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias nyob ib ob muaj yog ib tug lwj, lawv hais tias: "Cov kev ua ntawm lub isotope - 1 becquerel." Ib zaug nyob rau qhov chaw no unit siv ib chav tsev hu ua lub curie. Nws yog sib npaug zos rau 37 billion becquerels. Yog li ntawd nws yog tsim nyog los sib piv cov kev ua ntawm tus nqi qub substance. Kev ua tej chav tsev loj ntawm lub isotope yog hu ua cov kev ua si. Qhov no tus nqi yog inversely xwm yeem mus rau cov ib nrab-lub neej ntawm ib qho kev isotope.

Characterization ntawm tej radiations. lawv qhov chaw

Ionizing tawg yuav tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tej lwj. Pab raws li ib qhov chaw rau cov neeg tawg tau: fission cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (yuav nyob rau hauv lub tawg los yog hauv lub nuclear reactor), lub synthesis ntawm thiaj li hu ua lub teeb nuclei (tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci nto, lwm lub hnub qub, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug hydrogen foob pob), thiab ntau yam particle accelerators. Tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob ib yam nyob rau hauv ntau - ib tug haib zog.

Uas hais yog ib feem ntawm cov tawg hom alpha?

Cov kev sib txawv ntawm peb cov hom ionizing tawg - alpha, beta thiab gamma - yog nyob rau hauv lawv qhov. Thaum cov radiations nyob sab, tsis muaj ib tug muaj tej lub tswv yim hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm sawv cev rau. Yog li ntawd, lawv tsuas hu ua cov Greek cov tsiaj ntawv.

Raws li lawv cov npe implies, alpha-rays tau sab ua ntej. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov tawg ntawm cov hniav lwj ntawm hnyav isotopes xws li uranium los yog thorium. Lawv xwm tau txiav txim lub sij hawm. Zaum tau pom tias alpha tawg yog es hnyav. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, nws yuav tsis tau kov yeej txawm tias ib tug ob peb centimeters. Nws pom hais tias ib feem ntawm cov tawg tej zaum yuav nkag mus rau lub nucleus ntawm Helium atoms. Nws yog hais txog alpha tawg.

Nws lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm tej isotopes. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws yog ib tug zoo them "poob lawm" ntawm ob protons thiab tib tus naj npawb ntawm neutrons. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no peb hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xws li ib tug tawg-hais los yog alpha hais. Ob tug protons thiab ob neutrons tsim ib Helium nucleus, alpha-tawg yam ntxwv. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv noob neej tej tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tau txais Rutherford, koom converting nitrogen oxygen nuclei nyob rau hauv lub noob pob kws.

Beta tawg, sab tom qab, tab sis tsis muaj tsawg txaus ntshai

Ces nws muab tawm hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tawg tej zaum yuav tsis yog lub nucleus ntawm Helium, tab sis cia li zoo tib yam electrons. Qhov no yog muaj tseeb rau cov beta tawg - nws muaj electrons. Tab sis lawv ceev yog loj dua tus nqi ntawm alpha tawg. Qhov no hom ntawm hluav taws xob thiab muaj ib tug tsawg dua xwb dua alpha tawg. Los ntawm cov niam txiv atom beta hais "qub txeeg qub teg" ib tug txawv xwb thiab sib txawv ceev.

Nws yuav mus txog 100 txhiab. Km / sec mus txog rau lub ceev ntawm lub teeb. Tab sis nraum zoov beta tawg yuav kis tau mus rau ob peb meters. Tob tob lawv muaj peev xwm yog heev me me. Beta-rays yuav kov tsis yeej ntawv, ntaub, ib tug nyias daim ntawv ntawm hlau. Lawv tsuas txeem mus rau hauv cov teeb meem no. Txawm li cas los, muaj tiv thaiv raug yuav ua tau rau tawv nqaij los yog qhov muag kub hnyiab, raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog ultraviolet rays.

Tsis zoo them beta hais yog hu ua electrons thiab zoo them yog hu ua positrons. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm beta tawg yog heev txaus ntshai rau tib neeg thiab yuav ua rau tawg kev mob kev nkeeg. Ntau npaum li cas txaus ntshai yuav ua tau haus ntawm radionuclides.

Gamma rays: muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom

Cov nram qab no yog sab gamma tawg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws muab tawm hais tias ib feem ntawm cov tawg tej zaum yuav muaj xws li photons ntawm ib tug wavelength. Gamma tawg zoo li ultraviolet, infrared xov tooj cua tsis. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws nruab nrab yog cov electromagnetic tawg, tab sis lub zog ntawm cov khoom photons nyob rau hauv nws yog heev.

Qhov no hom ntawm hluav taws xob yog tsis tshua muaj siab muaj peev xwm mus txeem los ntawm tej yam obstructions. Lub denser sawv nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm ionizing tawg khoom, qhov zoo nws yuav tuav yus gamma rays. Rau no luag hauj lwm, feem ntau raug xaiv txhuas los yog qhob. Nyob rau hauv sab nraum zoov gamma tawg tau yooj yim kis los ntawm tej pua pua thiab phav phav kis lus mev. Yog hais tias nws muaj feem xyuam rau ib tug neeg, nws ua rau kev puas tsuaj rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab hauv nruab nrog cev. Nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm gamma tawg yuav muab piv nrog X-ray. Tab sis lawv txawv nyob rau hauv lawv cov keeb kwm. Tom qab X-rays tsuas yog nyob rau hauv dag tej yam kev mob.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov tawg lub feem ntau txaus ntshai?

Muaj ntau ntawm cov neeg uas twb kawm tau ib co rays yog ib feem ntawm cov tawg, peb yog ntseeg ntawm cov kev piam sij ntawm gamma rays. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv tau yooj yim kov yeej ntau yam kilometers, rhuav tseg lub neej thiab ua rau txaus ntshai tawg kev mob kev nkeeg. Nws yog nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tiv thaiv gamma rays, nuclear reactors yog surrounded by loj loj qhob phab ntsa. Tej daim me me ntawm lub isotopes yeej ib txwm muab tso nyob rau hauv ntim ua los ntawm cov hlau lead. Txawm li cas los, lub ntsiab txaus ntshai rau tib neeg yog koob tshuaj.

Koob - qhov no yog cov nyiaj uas feem ntau yog xam noj mus rau hauv tus account tus luj ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Piv txwv li, rau ib tus tib neeg mob koob tshuaj yuav txoj kev 2 mg. Rau lwm tus, tus tib koob tshuaj yuav muaj ib tug kev phiv nyhuv. Cia li kwv yees thiab cov tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob. Nws txaus ntshai yog txiav txim absorbed koob tshuaj. Txhais kom meej nws, thawj ntsuas tus nqi ntawm hluav taws xob uas tau raug yaim los ntawm lub cev. Thiab ces qhov no tus xov tooj yog muab piv nrog rau lub cev muaj ceeb thawj.

koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob - cov rau ntawm kev nws cov kev piam sij

Ntau hom ntawm hluav taws xob yuav muaj ntau teeb meem nyob kab mob. Yog li ntawd nws yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tob tob muaj peev xwm ntawm ntau hom ntawm hluav taws xob thiab lawv cov ua los. Piv txwv li, thaum ib tug neeg twb tsis muaj txoj kev uas yuav tiv thaiv tawg, alpha tawg yog ntau txaus ntshai gamma rays. Vim hais tias nws muaj hnyav hydrogen nuclei. Ib tug xws hom raws li alpha tawg thiab displaying txaus ntshai tsuas yog thaum muab tso rau hauv lub cev. Ces muaj internal raug.

Yog li, ib feem ntawm cov tawg tej zaum yuav muaj xws li peb hom hais: yog ib tug Helium nucleus, pa electrons thiab photons ntawm ib tug wavelength. Cov kev txaus ntshai ntawm ib tug kev zoo ntawm hluav taws xob yog txiav txim los ntawm nws cov koob tshuaj. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov rays tsis txawv. Rau ib sia yog kiag li tsis muaj qhov sib txawv nyob qhov twg plucked tawg: yuav nws X-ray tshuab, lub hnub, nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag, tej spa los yog tawg. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj - yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam txaus ntshai hais tau absorbed.

Qhov twg puas lub nuclear tawg?

Nrog rau lub ntuj tom qab tawg, tib neeg kev vam meej yog yuam kom nyob ua ib ke nrog ntau artificially ua txaus ntshai qhov chaw ntawm ionizing tawg. Feem ntau cov feem ntau nws yog ib lub txiaj ntsim ntawm ib tug txaus ntshai kev huam yuaj. Piv txwv li, ib tug kev puas tsuaj nyob rau lub nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag "Fukushima-1" nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 2013 coj mus rau ib tug los ntawm tej dej. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov ntsiab lus ntawm strontium thiab cesium isotopes nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam tau zus ho.