Kawm kev sib txuas lus geography thiab lwm yam sciences. Kev sib txuas lus geography nrog physics, Science News for KIDS, kev kawm txog zauv, biology, ecology

Yog tsis muaj ib lig cais los ntawm lwm yam kev txawj ntse ntawm science. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog zoo intertwined nrog txhua lwm yam. Cov hauj lwm ntawm txhua tus kws qhia ntawv los yog tus kws qhia ntawv - raws li ntau li ntau tau qhia cov kev kawm kev sib raug zoo. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav xav txog tus piv ntawm geography thiab lwm yam sciences.

Interscience kev sib txuas lus - yog dab tsi?

Interscience (los yog intersubject) kev twb kev txuas - yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm ib tug neeg kawm. Raws li lawv yuav tsum tau teem xib fwb (kws qhia ntawv) thiab cov menyuam kawm thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev kawm. Nrhiav cov kev sib raug zoo thiab muab ib tug zoo dua assimilation ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab muaj txhawb mus rau ntau npaum siv ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv xyaum. Yog li ntawd, cov kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb xim nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tej science.

Qhia txog kev kawm sib txuas - ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub tsev ib muaj nuj nqis thiab kev kawm zoo system. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv tus menyuam kawm ntawv khiav tso cai rau nws muaj kev totaub tob ntawm cov kev kawm thiab cov kev sib tw ntawm science.

Cov science uas kawm xwm

System Sciences, txoj kev tshawb xwm, muaj xws li physics, biology, astronomy, ecology, geography thiab Science News for KIDS. Lawv kuj hu ua ntuj scientific disciplines. Tej zaum qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lawv belongs rau physics (nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, txawm lub sij hawm txhais tau tias "qhov").

Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm geography rau lwm sciences kawm xwm yog cuab kev, vim hais tias tag nrho cov ntawm lawv - ib tug ntau yam khoom ntawm txoj kev tshawb. Tab sis yog vim li cas nws yog kawm txawv disciplines?

Qhov no yog hais tias paub txog cov xwm yog heev multifaceted, nws muaj xws li ntau yam sab thiab sib nrauj. Thiab ib yam ntawm nws science to taub thiab piav qhia txog tsuas tsis tau. Uas yog vim li cas dabneeg tsim ob peb disciplines uas kawm cov sib txawv dab, tej khoom thiab phenomena nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb.

Geography thiab lwm yam sciences

Nws yog nthuav tias mus txog rau lub XVII xyoo pua, cov kev kawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog ib tug unified thiab coherent. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm, tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov tshiab kev txawj ntse, tus kwv yuav ntau thiab kev hloov nws txoj kev kawm. Tsis ntev tsoo kom deb ntawm lub geography ntawm biology, thiab tom qab ntawd geology. Tom qab ntawd, ib ob peb ntawm lub ntiaj teb sciences ua ywj siab. Thaum lub sij hawm no, raws li nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub ntau yam ntawm lub thaj hnab ntawv tsim thiab ntxiv dag zog rau ties ntawm geography thiab lwm yam sciences.

Niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov geography txhais tau tias tsis tsawg tshaj li tsib caug txawv disciplines. Txhua yam ntawm lawv nws muaj nws tus kheej tshawb fawb txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub geography yog muab faib ua ob tug loj seem:

1. Lub cev geography.
2. Socio-economic geography.

Tus thawj cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm tej yam ntuj tso dab thiab cov khoom, thiab lub thib ob - tus phenomena uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub neej thiab cov kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Feem ntau cov kev twb kev txuas ntawm ob nqaim disciplines los ntawm ntau seem ntawm cov kev qhia tej zaum yuav tsis tau twb tsis siv.

Nyob rau lwm cov tes, vim lub geography ntawm lwm sciences yog heev ze. Yog li, feem ntau intimate thiab "tsev neeg" rau nws yog:

• physics;
• txog biology;
• ecology;
• Math (nyob rau hauv particular geometry);
• keeb kwm;
• kev khwv nyiaj txiag;
• Science News for KIDS;
• cartography;
• tshuaj;
• Sociology;
• demography thiab lwm tus neeg.

Thiab nyob rau cov kev tshuam ntawm geography thiab lwm yam sciences yog feem ntau muaj peev xwm mus tsim nkaus tshiab kev qhuab qhia. Yog li, piv txwv li, muaj geophysics, geochemistry los yog kev kho mob geography.

Physics thiab geography: lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov sciences

Physics - yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog pure science ntawm qhov. Qhov no lub sij hawm yog nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Greek txawj xav Aristotle uas nyob txawm nyob rau hauv IV-III kos duab. BC. Yog vim li cas cov kev twb kev txuas ntawm geography thiab physics heev ze.

Lub essence ntawm lub atmospheric siab, lub rov tshwm sim ntawm cov cua los yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tsim ntawm glacial landforms - mus qhia tag nrho cov ntxhais yog heev yooj yim, tsis muaj resorting kom paub mas yuav kis tau nyob rau hauv physics qhia. Nyob rau hauv ib co tsev kawm ntawv txoj kev xyaum ntawm kev kev zaj lus qhia, uas yog organically woven physics thiab geography.

Cov kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov ob sciences nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv yuav pab cov tub ntxhais kawm muaj kev totaub tob kawg cov ntaub ntawv thiab concretise lawv cov kev paub. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm ua ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm tsim ntawm tuav paj ntawm schoolboys rau "uas nyob ib sab" science. Piv txwv li, ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv uas tsis tau yeej tau nrog physics, yuav mam li nco dheev poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog nws nyob rau ib qho ntawm cov zaj lus qhia geography. Qhov no yog yam tseem ceeb heev nam thiab kev siv cov interdisciplinary sib txuas.

Biology thiab geography

Kev sib txuas lus geography thiab biology, tej zaum cov feem ntau pom tseeb. Ob sciences kawm xwm. Nov yog txog biology tsom rua muaj sia nyob (nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, fungi thiab micro-kab), thiab geography - nyob rau hauv nws cov abiotic Cheebtsam (pob zeb, hav dej, pas dej, kev nyab xeeb, thiab lwm yam ...). Tab sis vim hais tias cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg ciaj thiab uas tsis yog-nyob Cheebtsam ntawm cov xwm yog heev ze, uas txhais tau tias cov ntaub ntawv thiab ib tug priori science txog.

Ntawm cov kev tshuam ntawm biology thiab geography tsim ib tug kiag li tshiab kev qhuab qhia - biogeography. Lub ntsiab yam khoom ntawm nws txoj kev kawm - biogeocoenoses, uas INTERACTIONS thiab biotic thiab abiotic Cheebtsam ntawm cov ib puag ncig.

Cov ob sciences kuj sib txuas ntxiv ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm tej kev tswj. Nrhiav txoj cai cov lus teb rau nws geography thiab biology rau ntsaub tag nrho lawv tej kev siv zog.

Ecology thiab Geography

Cov ob disciplines yeej nyob ua ke thiaj li hais tias tej zaum cov kev kawm ntawm lawv cov kev tshawb fawb txawm qhia tau. Cov tshuaj rau tej ib puag ncig teeb meem tsuas yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau siv rau yam ntawm geography.

Tshwj xeeb yog muaj zog yog lub kev twb kev txuas nrog tej cev geography. Nws tau nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ib tug nkaus tshiab science - Environmental Geoscience. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm ua tswvcuab Carl Troll nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1930. Nws yog ib tug kev thov kev qhuab qhia uas kawm cov qauv, cov khoom thiab cov txheej txheem uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tib neeg ib puag ncig, raws li zoo li lwm yam uas muaj sia nyob.

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb paub tab yog mus nrhiav rau geo-ecology thiab cov kev loj hlob ntawm tej kev tswj kev coj, raws li zoo raws li qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub zeem muag rau sustainable kev loj hlob ntawm tej cheeb tsam los yog ib cheeb tsam.

Science News for KIDS thiab Geography

Lwm cov kev qhuab qhia ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv natural sciences, uas muaj ze ties nrog cov geography - nws yog Science News for KIDS. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws ua num ua ke nrog lub geography ntawm xau thiab av science.

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo muaj emerged thiab tsim tshiab scientific teb. Nws yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, geochemistry, hydrochemistry, atmospheric chemistry thiab geochemistry ntawm ua hauj lwm. Ib txoj kev tshawb ntawm ib co ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm geography tsuas yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis muaj kom paub txog Science News for KIDS. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov peb tham txog cov hauv qab no:

• faib cov tshuaj hais nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab;
• cov tshuaj qauv ntawm cov av;
• lub acidity ntawm cov av;
• cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm dej;
• salinity ntawm dej hiav txwv dej;
• aerosols nyob rau hauv cov cua thiab lawv cov keeb kwm;
• tsiv teb tsaws ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub lithosphere thiab cov hydrosphere.

Lub assimilation ntawm cov khoom cov menyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsum zoo tshaj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev qhia, raws li lub chaw soj nstuam los yog cov chav kawm Science News for KIDS.

Lej thiab geography

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev kawm txog zauv thiab geography, muaj ntau heev nyob ze. Piv txwv li, qhia ib tug neeg siv lub thaj daim ntawv qhia los yog txoj kev lub cheeb tsam tsis muaj kev yooj yim ua zauv paub thiab kev txawj tau.

Kev sib txuas lus ntawm lej thiab geography manifested nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov ntawm cov thiaj li hu ua thaj hom phiaj. Nws yog neeg ua hauj lwm:

• ntawm ib tug tej yam deb rau hauv daim ntawv qhia;
• qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub scale;
• los mus laij lub qhov siab ntawm lub roob rau qhov kub thiab txias gradients los yog siab gradients;
• rau suav ntawm demographic ntsuas thiab cov zoo li.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub geography nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb ntau siv mathematical txoj kev: statistical, correlation, tshuav nyiaj li cas, txoj kev ntawm modeling (xws li ib tug computer), thiab lwm tus neeg. Yog hais tias peb tham txog nyiaj txiag geography, lej thiab yuav tsum tau hu ua nws cov "ib nrab-tus muam".

Cartography thiab Geography

Cov kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov ob disciplines, tsis muaj ib tug yuav tsum tsis ua kom cov slightest tsis ntseeg. Tom qab tag nrho cov card - qhov no yog qhov geography lus. Tsis muaj qhov kev kawm ntawm cartography yog unthinkable.

Muaj txawm tias ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev ntawm kev tshawb fawb - kuas. Nws yog tau txais cov ntaub ntawv rau tus paub txog los ntawm kev sib phaib. Yog li, lub thaj daim ntawv qhia los ntawm lub cev geography ntawm cov khoom yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib qhov chaw ntawm ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb. Qhov no kev tshawb fawb txoj kev siv nyob rau hauv ntau ce: nyob rau hauv biology, keeb kwm, kev khwv nyiaj txiag, demographics, thiab hais txog.

Keeb kwm thiab geography

"Keeb kwm yog geography nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thiab geography - yog ib zaj dab neeg nyob rau hauv qhov chaw." Qhov no tsis tshua muaj neeg tseeb lub tswv yim twb qhia los ntawm Jean-Zhak Reklyu.

Lub keeb kwm txuam heev dua lwm yam nrog kev geography (social thiab economic). Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no cov pej xeem thiab kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntawm ib tug lub teb chaws yuav tsis quav ntsej nws cov keeb kwm sab. Yog li, ib tug hluas geographer, ib tug priori, yuav tsum nyob rau hauv general to taub lub keeb kwm dab uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam cheeb tsam.

Tsis ntev los no, cov zaum muaj tswv yim rau tag nrho cov kev koom ua ke ntawm cov ob disciplines. Thiab nyob rau hauv ib co universities tau ntev tau tsim nyob ib sab tshwj xeeb "Keeb kwm thiab Geography".

Economics thiab Geography

Geography thiab economics tseem heev nyob ze. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov ob sciences yog lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug nkaus tshiab kev qhuab qhia hu ua economic geography.

Yog hais tias ekonomteorii tseem ceeb cov lus nug yog "dab tsi thiab rau leej twg ua", uas economic geography yog feem ntau muaj kev txhawj xeeb nrog ib yam dab tsi lwm tus: yuav ua li cas thiab nyob qhov twg tej khoom uas ua? Thiab qhov no science yog sim seb yog vim li cas zus tau tej cov ib yam khoom yog tsim nyob rau hauv no (particular) yog ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws los yog cheeb tsam.

Economic geography tau arisen txawm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XVIII caug xyoo. Nws txiv yuav ntshai li tus loj tshaj tus paub txog M. V. Lomonosova, uas coined lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv 1751. Chiv, economic geography yog purely piav txog. Ces, nyob rau hauv lub Scope ntawm nws nyiam nrog cov teeb meem ntawm cov kev pab ntawm cov rog thiab urbanization.

Rau hnub tim, economic geography muaj xws li ob peb kev lag luam disciplines. Lawv yog:

• geography kev lag luam;
• ua liaj ua teb;
• thauj;
• infrastructure;
• tourism;
• geography ntawm cov kev pab cuam.

Nyob rau hauv xaus ...

Tag nrho cov sciences muaj feem xyuam rau txhua lwm yam mus rau ib tug ntau dua los yog tsawg raws li. Kev sib txuas lus geography thiab lwm yam sciences kuj heev nyob ze. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws tawm los rau disciplines xws li keeb kwm, physics, Science News for KIDS, biology, economics los yog kev noj nyob.

Ib tug ntawm cov kev sib tw ntawm cov niaj hnub xib fwb - txheeb xyuas thiab qhia cov kev kawm sib txuas lus me nyuam kawm ntawv nrog kev piv txwv. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev mob rau lub tsev ib tug zoo kev kawm ntawv system. Vim hais tias ntawm cov complexity ntawm kev txawj ntse yog ncaj qha nyob rau hauv lub efficiency ntawm nws daim ntawv thov rau kev daws cov tswv yim muaj teeb meem.