Yuav ua li cas yog piam thaj? Tau piam thaj thiab nws cov khoom

Qabzib nyob rau hauv lub Greek lus txhais tau tias "qab zib". Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau nws yog nyob rau hauv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab berries, nrog rau cov txiv hmab kua txiv, thiab vim li cas ncha lub npe hu ua "qab zib caw".

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations

Qabzib yog qhib thaum pib ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua English kws kho mob, kws tshuaj thiab philosopher William Prout. Lug paub lub substance tau tom qab nyob rau hauv 1819 los ntawm Henri Brakkono kos nws los ntawm sawdust.

lub zog

Qabzib yog nrog ib tug tsis muaj kob crystalline hmoov Sweet saj. Nws yog npaj meej soluble nyob rau hauv dej, concentrated sulfuric acid, zinc chloride thiab Schweitzer tus reagent.

molecular qauv

Zoo li tag nrho cov monosaccharides, qabzib yog ib tug heterofunctional compound (nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv yog ntau hydroxyl thiab ib tug carboxyl pab pawg neeg). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm zib carboxyl pab pawg neeg yog aldehyde.

Cov kev mis C6H12O6 qabzib. Cov molecules ntawm lub substance muaj ib tug cyclic qauv thiab ob spatial isomers ntawm alpha thiab beta cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub khoom hauv lub xeev daim ntawv predominates alpha yuav luag 100%. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, lub ruaj khov Beta daim ntawv (nws yuav siv sij hawm txog 60%). Qabzib yog qhov kawg khoom ntawm lub hydrolysis thiab poly- disaccharides, i.e. qhov kev npaj ntawm zib tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub overwhelming tooj ntawm tus neeg mob yog muab txoj kev.

Tau tshuaj

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm zib tsim nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm photosynthesis. Xav txog muaj thiab cov kev ua sim rau cov glucose. Nyob rau hauv lub laboratory, lub tshuaj yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm aldol hws. Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, feem ntau txoj kev yog mus ua piam thaj los ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej.

Starch - ib tug polysaccharide, uas yog monochasti thiab piam thaj molecules. Hais tias yog, mus nrhiav tau nws yog tsim nyog los decompose lub polysaccharide nyob rau hauv lub monochasti. Yuav ua li cas yog tus txheej txheem no?

Kev npaj ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej zib pib nrog lub fact tias cov hmoov txhuv nplej yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub taub ntim dej thiab do (cov hmoov txhuv nplej mis nyuj). Lwm lub hwj muaj dej coj mus rau ib tug boil. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ib kub npau npau dej yuav tsum muaj ob lub sij hawm ntau tshaj qhov cov hmoov txhuv nplej mis nyuj. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau piam thaj tshuaj tiv thaiv yog muaj txog rau thaum xaus, ib lub hauv paus uas yuav tsum tau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws ua hauj lwm pab hydrochloric los yog sulfuric acid. Lub xam nqi ntxiv rau qhov tank ntawm boiling dej. Ces maj mam nchuav cov hmoov txhuv nplej mis nyuj. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis tau muab tshuaj txhuam, yog tias tag nrho cov tib nws twb tsim, yuav tsum kub kom txog thaum nws tiav disappearance. Nyob rau nruab nrab, cov kub yuav siv sij hawm ib nrab ib teev. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xyuas kom meej tias lub siab hydrolyzed starch, nws yog tsim nyog los ua kev cai ib tug zoo lus teb. Nyob rau hauv lub xaiv qauv yog ntxiv iodine. Yog hais tias cov kua ua ib tug xiav xim, ces hydrolysis yog tsis tiav lawm, thiab yog hais tias nws yuav xim av los yog liab-xim av, ces tus hmoov txhuv nplej nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tsis tshwm sim. Tab sis cov tshuaj no tsis yog tsuas yog rau piam thaj, nws twb tau txais nrog rau lub catalyst, thiab qhov no txhais tau tias cov acid yog noj qhov chaw. Yuav ua li cas kom tshem tawm cov acid? Cov lus teb yog yooj yim: nrog kev pab los neutralize ntshiab cwj mem av dawb thiab finely crumbled iav.

Neutralization soj ntsuam litmus xeem. Ntxiv muaj filtering lub resulting tov. Nws yog me me: lub resulting tsis muaj kob kua yuav tsum qhuav. Lub muaju tsim thiab yog peb zaum kawg tshwm sim. Tam sim no xav txog muab zib los ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv).

Tshuaj yog txheej txheem

Qhov no kab zauv yog hais kom tau zib intermediate - maltose. Maltose - disaccharide muaj ob zib molecules. Kom meej meej qhia tau hais tias txoj kev ua glucose los ntawm starch thiab maltose ntawm tib. Hais tias yog, peb yuav muab cov nram qab no kab zauv nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Thaum lub kawg yuav tsum zaum pem lub mob uas tsim nyog kom tau zib los ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej yog muaj kev vam meej.

yuavtsum tau kawm uantej

• catalyst (hydrochloric acid los yog sulfuric acid);
• kub (tsis tsawg tshaj li 100 degrees);
• siab (atmospheric txaus, tab sis lub siab nce accelerates).

Qhov no yog cov uas yooj yim, nrog rau cov high tawm los ntawm cov khoom muag kawg thiab tsawg heev zog noj. Tab sis nws tsis yog tus tsuas yog ib qho. Kev npaj ntawm zib yog tib yam cellulose.

Kev npaj ntawm cellulose

Lub essence ntawm tus txheej txheem yog yuav luag tag sau raws nkaus Ii yav dhau los cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Nws qhia tau hais tias qhov kev npaj ntawm zib (formula) ntawm cellulose. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, cov txheej txheem no ntau npaum li txoj thiab zog-intensive. Yog li, cov khoom yog reacted, yog pov tseg los ntawm cov ntoo kev lag luam, crushed rau ib feem uas nws particle loj 1.1 - 1.6 hli. Cov khoom no yog kho ua ntej nrog acetic acid, ces hydrogen peroxide, ces nrog sulfuric acid ntawm ib tug kub tsis qis tshaj li 110 degrees, thiab dej cawv piv 5. Lub caij no cov txheej txheem 3-5 teev. Ces, rau ob tug teev extends hydrolysis nrog sulfuric acid ntawm chav tsev kub thiab dej cawv piv ntawm 4-5. Ces yog diluted nrog dej thiab inversion rau kwv yees li ib thiab ib nrab teev.

Txoj kev rau ntau kev txiav txim ntawm

Thaum pom tias txhua txoj kev ntawm tau txais zib yuav tsum tshawb txoj kev quantification. Muaj tej lub sij hawm thaum tus txheej txheem yuav tsum koom tib tug tov uas muaj piam thaj, i.e. kua evaporation txheej txheem kom tau muaju - superfluous. Cov lus nug ces yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim yog dab tsi concentration ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Cov tau tus nqi ntawm zib nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yog txiav txim los ntawm spectrophotometric, polarimetric thiab chromatographic txoj kev. Muaj yog ib tug ntau kev txiav txim txoj kev - enzyme (ntawm glucosidase enzyme). Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tus count yog twb khoom ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm no enzyme.

Kev siv cov glucose

Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, siv zib intoxication (qhov no yuav tsum yog khoom noj khoom haus lom los yog kab mob ua ub no). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov zib tov yog muab intravenously nrog ib tug dropper. Qhov no txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv lub khw muag tshuaj qabzib yog ib tug universal antioxidant. Nws tseem yog tsis yog ib tug me me lub luag hauj lwm no substance plays lub nrhiav kom tau thiab mob ntawm cov ntshav qab zib mellitus. Ntawm no glucose ua raws li ib tug nyuaj siab mus kuaj.

Nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov kev lag luam thiab ua noj ua haus zib occupies ib tug tseem ceeb heev qhov chaw. Nyias, nws yuav tsum tau los txheeb xyuas cov luag hauj lwm ntawm zib nyob rau hauv lub cawu cub, npias thiab thiab moonshining. Nws yog hais txog ib txoj kev raws li tau ethanol los ntawm fermentation ntawm qabzib. Cia peb xav txog nyob rau hauv kom meej tus txheej txheem no.

muab cawv

Lub tshuab rau cov haus dej haus cawv muaj ob kauj ruam: fermentation thiab distillation. Fermentation, nyob rau hauv lem, los ntawm txoj kev ntawm cov kab mob. Lub biotechnology tau ntev tau bred kab lis kev cai ntawm kab mob uas tso cai rau koj yuav tau txais nyiaj pab ntau tshaj dej cawv tawm los rau tus nqi qis sij hawm elapsed. Nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub ntawm lub rooj nyob rau hauv cov pa poov xab yuav siv tau raws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv pab.

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qabzib yog diluted nyob rau hauv cov dej. Nyob rau hauv lwm txog ntsha bred kab mob siv. Tom ntej no, lub tau kua raug do, shaken thiab muab tso rau hauv ib lub taub ntim nrog ib tug roj qhov hluav taws xob raj. Qhov no raj yog kev cob cog rua rau lwm (U-zoo li tus). Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub thib ob lub raj uas muaj cov kua qaub dej. Qhov kawg ntawm tus raj yog kaw nrog ib tug roj hmab stopper nrog ib tug hollow iav pas nrig muaj ib tug twv kawg.

Qhov no thawv yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub ntsuas sov thiab ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 25-27 degrees rau plaub hnub. Lub turbidity raj yuav tsum tau cai nrog lub txiv qaub dej, qhia tias hnov mob nrog nws cov pa roj carbon dioxide. Thaum carbon dioxide tsis tu tsis tseg mus rau sawv tawm, lub fermentation yuav suav hais tias raws li tiav. Qhov no yog ua raws li los ntawm ib tug distillation kauj ruam. Lub kuaj siv rau lub distillation ntawm dej cawv reflux - kis dej txias, li no txias lub tsim roj thiab hloov nws rov qab mus rau cov kua pab kiag li lawm nyob rau hauv uas nyob rau hauv txheej phab ntsa.

Rau ntawm no theem lub kua uas yog nyob rau hauv peb lub peev xwm yuav tsum tau rhuab mus rau 85-90 degrees. Yog li yuav qhuav lub cawv, dej yog tsis coj tuaj rau ib tug boil.

Ib tug mechanism rau muab cawv

Xav txog tau haus dej haus cawv los ntawm zib nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv: C6H12O6 + 2CO2 = 2S2N5ON.

Yog li ntawd, tej zaum nws yuav muab sau tseg tias mechanism rau ethanol ntau lawm los ntawm zib yog heev yooj yim. Ntxiv mus, nws yog lub npe hu rau noob neej rau ntau centuries, thiab coj luag mus tag nrho.

Tus nqi ntawm zib nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg lub neej

Yog li ntawd, muaj ib tug tej yam kev nkag siab ntawm cov teeb meem no, nws lub cev thiab tshuaj zog, siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb kev lag luam, peb yuav xaus hais tias qhov no qabzib. Tau nws tawm ntawm cov polysaccharides, twb muab ib tug to taub tias, raws li lub ntsiab tivthaiv ntawm tag nrho cov suab thaj, piam thaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhov chaw ntawm lub zog rau tib neeg. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov metabolism hauv cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw tsim adenosine triphosphate, uas yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib chav tsev ntawm lub zog.

Tab sis tsis yog txhua txhua lub piam thaj uas nkag mus rau hauv tib neeg lub cev yog nyob rau hauv lub zog replenishment. Nyob rau hauv lub waking lub xeev txiv neej ua xwb 50 feem pua ntawm cov uas ua glucose rau hauv ATP. Tus so yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv glycogen thiab accumulates nyob rau hauv lub siab. Glycogen puas thaum lub sij hawm, li no regulating cov ntshav qab zib theem. Quantitatively, cov ntsiab lus ntawm no substance nyob rau hauv lub cev - ib tug ncaj qha qhia ntawm nws noj qab haus huv. Nyob rau hauv cov suab thaj nyob rau hauv cov ntshav nyob rau hauv lub hormonal hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov tshuab. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias ntev li siv cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yuav ua rau loj txim.

Qabzib yog thaum xub thawj siab ib muag ib tug yooj yooj yim thiab to taub rau tag nrho cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Txawm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub Science News for KIDS ntawm nws cov molecules muaj ib tug kuj yooj yim qauv, thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm kom meej thiab paub nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Tab sis, dua li no, qabzib yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb ob leeg rau tus neeg thiab rau tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm nws lub neej.