Cov nqaijrog: lom lub luag hauj lwm. Lub lom lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov protein nyob rau hauv lub cev

Cov nqaijrog, lom lub luag hauj lwm uas yuav tsum tau tham hnub no - ua tau lub tsev ntawm high-molecular sib txuas ntawm cov amino acids. Ntawm tag nrho cov lwm yam organic tebchaw, lawv yog cov feem ntau complex nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv. Los ntawm elemental muaj pes tsawg leeg cov nqaijrog txawv los ntawm cov rog thiab carbohydrates: nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus oxygen, hydrogen thiab cov pa roj carbon lawv kuj muaj nitrogen. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug indispensable ib feem ntawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov nqaijrog yog leej faj, thiab ib co muaj iodine, hlau thiab phosphorus.

Lub lom lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov protein yog heev. Nws yog ib cov kev sib txuas ua li ib tug loj ib feem ntawm cov pawg ntawm protoplasm, thiab nuclei ntawm nyob hlwb. Tag nrho cov tsiaj thiab cog kab mob yog proteins.

Ib tug los yog ob peb zog

Lub lom lub luag hauj lwm thiab kev khiav dej num ntawm qhov sib txawv tebchaw ntawd yog sib txawv. Raws li ib yam khoom uas muaj ib tug kev tshuaj qauv, txhua protein ua heev tshwj xeeb muaj nuj nqi. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tej zaum nws yuav ua tau ob peb sib xyaw. Piv txwv li, epinephrine, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub adrenal medulla, nkag mus rau cov ntshav, tsub kom ntshav siab thiab oxygen noj, cov ntshav qab zib. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ib hom ntawm cov metabolism hauv, thaum lub sij hawm txias-blooded tsiaj - thiab tus Neeg Nruab Nrab ntawm poob siab system. Raws li koj tau pom, nws ua ntau zog ib zaug.

Lub enzymatic (catalytic) muaj nuj nqi

Ntau biochemical kev tig cev uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob, yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv me me tej yam kev mob, nyob rau hauv uas kub yog nyob ze rau 40 ° C, thiab pH ze li ntawm nruab nrab. Nyob rau hauv cov tej yam kev mob, negligible nqi ntawm tshwm sim ntawm ntau yam ntawm lawv. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav pom tau hais, peb yuav tsum tau enzymes - kev lom catalysts. Yuav luag tag nrho cov tshuaj, tsuas yog cov photolysis dej nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob yog tshwmsim los ntawm enzymes nws. Cov ntsiab yog tog twg los cov nqaijrog los yog protein ntau ceg nrog cofactor (organic molecule los yog ib tug hlau ion). Enzymes yog heev xim triggering tsim nyog txheej txheem. Yog li, lub catalytic muaj nuj nqi, sib tham saum toj no, - ib tug ntawm cov uas nqa cov proteins. Lub lom luag hauj lwm ntawm cov tebchaw, txawm li cas los, nws siv tsis tag. Muaj ntau ntau lwm yam nta uas yuav tau los sib tham li hauv qab no.

thauj muaj nuj nqi

Rau lub hav zoov ntawm lub hlwb yuav tsum tau hais tias ib tug plurality ntawm tshuaj mus rau hauv sab hauv ntawm nws, uas muab nws nrog lub zog thiab lub tsev khoom. Tag nrho lom week no los ua rau ib qho hauv paus ntsiab lus. Qhov no muab ob npaug rau txheej ntawm lipids, cov nqaijrog raug xa nyob rau hauv nws. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ua kom pom tseeb hydrophilic macromolecules qhov chaw hauv daim nyias nyias nto thiab nyob rau hauv lub thickness ntawm lawv - hydrophobic "tails". Qhov no qauv yog impervious rau qhov tseem ceeb Cheebtsam: amino acids, suab thaj, alkali hlau ions. Lub allergic ntawm cov ntsiab rau hauv lub hlwb tshwm sim ntawm thauj proteins uas kos nyob rau hauv lub cell daim nyias nyias. Nyob rau hauv cov kab mob, piv txwv li, muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb protein uas muab cov kev hloov ntawm lactose (mis nyuj qab zib) los ntawm lub txheej membrane.

Nyob rau hauv multicellular kab mob, muaj ib tug system ntawm kev thauj ntawm txawv tshuaj los ntawm ib tug hloov mus rau lwm lub. Peb tham feem ntau txog hemoglobin (pictured saum toj no). Nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntshav, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog lossi ntshiab albumin (a thauj protein). Nws muaj lub peev xwm los tsim ruaj khov ceg tsim nrog lub plab zom mov ntawm cov nqaijrog fatty acids, zoo li raws li nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm hydrophobic amino acids (e.g., tryptophan) thiab ntau cov tshuaj (ib co penicillins, sulfonamides, aspirin). Transferrin, uas muab thauj nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov hlau ions, yog lwm cov piv txwv. Pav tej zaum yuav tau ua thiab tseruplazmin uas thauj tooj liab ions. Yog li ntawd, peb ntsia lub thauj zog uas ua cov proteins. lawv lom lub luag hauj lwm thiab los ntawm no taw tes ntawm view yog tsis tshua muaj ib qho tseem ceeb.

receptor muaj nuj nqi

Protein receptors yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb yog rau cov nqi ntawm multicellular kab mob. Lawv kev mus rau hauv cov ntshav cell daim nyias nyias thiab pab kom to taub thiab ntxiv transformation ntawm tus ntsais teeb uas nkag mus rau lub cell. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no Pib ntsais koj teeb tej zaum yuav yog los ntawm lwm lub hlwb thiab lub lwm tus ib puag ncig. Acetylcholine receptors thaum lub caij lub feem ntau kawm. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm interneuron hu rau tus xovtooj ntawm membrane, xws li nyob rau neuromuscular sib txuas nyob rau hauv lub cerebral cortex. Cov roj ntsha nrog acetylcholine thiab kis ib lub teeb liab rau hauv lub cell.

Neurotransmitter tau txais lub teeb liab thiab hloov nws yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav npaj lub cell yog tau perceive lub ntxiv Pib ntsais koj teeb. Rau lub hom phiaj no, acetylcholinesterase - tshwj xeeb enzyme, uas yog ib lub hauv paus rau lub hydrolysis ntawm acetylcholine rau choline thiab acetate. Nws yog tsis yog tsis tshua muaj neeg tseem ceeb thiab receptor nuj nqi uas ua protein? Lub lom luag hauj lwm ntawm cov nram qab no, ib tug tiv thaiv kev ua rau lub cev yog enormous. Nrog rau qhov no tsuas muaj peev xwm tsis pom zoo.

Tiv nuj nqi

Lub cev tsis muaj zog teb mus rau lub tsos ntawm ib tiam ntawm txawv teb chaws hais ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm lymphocytes. Lawv muaj peev xwm ntawm ua kom cov ntsiab xyua. Cov txawv teb chaws hais tej zaum yuav mob hlwb, pathogenic cov kab mob supramolecular hais (macromolecules, cov kab mob, thiab lwm yam). B lymphocytes - ib pab pawg neeg ntawm lymphocytes, uas ua tshwj xeeb proteins. Cov proteins uas txawv nyob rau hauv lub plawv system. Lawv pom tau txawv teb chaws li hais, yog li txoj kev ua ib kauj ruam kev puas tsuaj mas tej complex. Cov roj ntsha raug xa mus rau raws li immunoglobulins. Ib tug antigens xa mus rau txawv teb chaws yam uas ua rau lub cev cov lus teb.

qauv muaj nuj nqi

Tsis tas li ntawd proteins uas ua heev tshwj xeeb functions yog tseem muaj cov neeg uas tus nqi lom zem ntau yam ntxwv. Ua tsaug rau lawv, muab tus neeg kho tshuab zog thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg uas muaj sia nyob. Cov roj ntsha muaj xws li, feem ntau collagen. Collagen (yees duab cm. Hauv qab no) nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj yog hais txog ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm protein loj. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab hlwb tias ua li tus connective cov ntaub so ntswg (hu ua fibroblasts).

Xub thawj, lub collagen yog tsim raws li procollagen - nws precursor ntws tshuaj kho mob nyob rau hauv fibroblasts. Ces nws yog tsim mus ua ib tug peb polypeptide chains, cov mus rau hauv ib tug kauv. Lawv twb tuaj ua ke tawm ntawm fibroblasts nyob rau hauv collagen fibrils ntawm ib tug ob peb puas nanometers nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla. Cov yav tas rau collagen filaments, uas muaj peev xwm twb tau pom nyob rau hauv ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob. Lub elastic ntaub so ntswg (mob ntsws phab ntsa, cov hlab ntsha nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij) extracellular matrix collagen nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, kuj muaj ib tug protein elastin. Nws yuav ncav us txog nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj ntau yam thiab ces rov qab mus rau nws cov thawj lub xeev. Lwm cov piv txwv yog lub yam ntxwv protein uas yuav muab no - yog txhob lo lo ntxhuav fibroin. Nws yog cais thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm lub Pupa npauj kab lia. Nws yog lub ntsiab tivthaiv txhob lo lo ntxhuav thread. Peb tam sim no piav qhia txog lub cev muaj zog proteins.

lub cev muaj zog protein

Thiab nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm lub cev muaj zog dab loj lom luag hauj lwm ntawm proteins. Qhia me me txog qhov no thiab lawv cov functions. Nqaij contraction - yog ib tug txheej txheem thaum lub sij hawm uas tshuaj zog yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv cov neeg kho tshuab ua hauj lwm. Direct nws cov tswv cuab yog ob cov nqaijrog - myosin thiab actin. Myosin muaj ib tug heev txawv txawv qauv. Nws yog tsim nyob rau ntawm ob globular lub taub hau thiab tus Tsov tus tw (ntev filamentary feem). Kwv yees li 1600 nm yog qhov ntev ntawm ib tug qauv. Nyob rau hau feem li ris txog 200 nm.

Actin (pictured saum toj no) - ib tug globular protein muaj ib tug molecular ceeb thawj los ntawm 42000. Nws yuav ua tau polymerized tsim ib tug ntev qauv, thiab kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev nrog ib lub taub hau ntawm myosin. Ib qho tseem ceeb feature ntawm tus txheej txheem no - nws dependence rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ATP. Yog hais tias nws concentration yog txaus siab, tsim myosin thiab actin complex puas lawm, ces nws yog zoo tu qab tso dua tom qab ATP hydrolysis tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm myosin ATPase. Qhov no txoj kev muaj peev xwm muaj cai, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, nyob rau ob qho tag nrho cov nqaijrog yog tam sim no. Nws yuav khov raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias siab molecular yuag complex tsim nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm ATP. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd nws zoo heev thiaj li muaj cov viscosity vim txoj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov complex tsim, tom qab uas nws maj mam pib rov qab raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ATP hydrolysis. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm nqaij contraction, cov kev sib tshuam ua si ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm.

tshuaj tua kab mob

Peb mus txuas ntxiv qhia lub npe "Tus lom lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov protein nyob rau hauv lub cev." Heev loj thiab tseem ceeb heev pab pawg neeg ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tebchaw yog tshuaj hu ua tshuaj tua kab mob. Lawv yog cov ntawm microbial keeb kwm. Cov tshuaj yog faib tshwj xeeb cov tsiaj ntawm microorganisms. Lub lom luag hauj lwm ntawm cov amino acids thiab proteins yog undeniable, tab sis tshuaj tua kab mob muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb, tseem ceeb heev muaj nuj nqi. Lawv inhibit qhov kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob uas sib tw nrog lawv. Nyob rau hauv lub 1940s, cov foundations thiab siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob muaj revolutionized cov kev kho mob ntawm kis kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob tus kab mob no tshuaj tua kab mob tsis ua, ces cov siv ntawm lawv raws li tshuaj antiviral yog ices.

piv txwv ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob

penicillin pab pawg neeg twb xub muab tso rau hauv xyaum. Piv txwv ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog ampicillin thiab benzylpenicillin. Tshuaj tua kab mob nyob rau hauv lub mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thiab tshuaj xwm ntau haiv neeg. Ib txhia ntawm cov neeg uas yog lug siv niaj hnub no, sib tham nrog tib neeg ribosomes, thaum nyob rau hauv cov kab mob ribosomes inhibited protein synthesis. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv tsis nrog eukaryotic ribosomes. Yog li ntawd, rau qhov cov kab mob hlwb lawv yog pernicious, thiab cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg uas tsis muaj toxicity. Tej tshuaj tua kab mob muaj xws li streptomycin thiab chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol).

Lub lom luag hauj lwm ntawm protein synthesis yog qho tseem ceeb heev, tab sis cov txheej txheem nws tus kheej muaj ob peb theem. Peb yuav tham txog nws xwb nyob rau hauv nqe lus dav dav.

Cov txheej txheem thiab cov lom luag hauj lwm ntawm protein biosynthesis

Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog ib tug multistage, heev. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ribosomes - kev organelles. Nyob rau hauv lub tawb muaj ib tug txheej ntawm ribosomes. Nyob rau hauv E. coli, piv txwv li, muaj txog 20 txhiab.

"Piav qhia txog txheej txheem ntawm protein biosynthesis thiab lom lub luag hauj lwm" - ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm muaj ntau yam ntawm peb los txais kev nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Thiab nws tshwm sim los ntau kev nyuaj siab. Zoo, cia peb kawm saib ua ke.

Protein molecules yog polypeptide chains. Lawv muaj xws li, raws li koj twb paub, los ntawm tus neeg amino acids. Txawm li cas los, lub tom kawg yog tsis active txaus. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txuas thiab tsim tau ib cov protein molecule, lawv yuav tsum tau ua kom. Nws tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tej enzymes. Txhua amino acid nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws muaj nws tus kheej enzyme, yeej tig raws nraim mus rau nws. Lub chaw ntawm lub zog rau txoj kev no yog ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Cov amino acid uas ua los ntawm qhov ua kom yuav ntau labile thiab binds nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub enzyme nrog m-RNA, uas yog nws mus rau hauv lub ribosome (vim hais tias ntawm no RNA hu ua thauj). Lub ribosome, yog li ntawd, ua kev cob cog rua nrog tRNA tshuab txais amino acids. Ribosome - ib hom ntawm conveyor rau los ua ke ntawm cov khoom amino acid ntawm cov protein saw.

Synthesis of lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov protein yog ib qhov nyuaj rau overestimate, raws li tsim tebchaw ua tseem ceeb heev zog. Yuav luag tag nrho cov cell lug muaj lawv.

Yog li ntawd, peb tau piav nyob rau hauv nqe lus dav dav, tus txheej txheem ntawm cov protein biosynthesis thiab lom lub luag hauj lwm. Qhov no xaus paub nrog proteins. Peb cia siab tias koj muaj ib lub siab xav mus ntxiv nws.