Chromosome. Haploid thiab diploid tooj ntawm chromosomes.

Cov me nyuam tau txais los ntawm lawv niam lawv txiv dhau tej noob. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias cov hluas tiam "yuav siv sij hawm" los ntawm cov laus hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub ntsej muag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub taub hau, txhais tes, cov plaub hau xim, lwm yam). Rau cov kev hloov ntawm qhov zoo los ntawm cov niam txiv rau cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv lub cev hnov ib yam khoom, xws li deoxyribonucleic acid. Qhov no cim cov ntaub ntawv uas muab cov lus qhia txog lub variability kev lom xwm. Nws yog sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug code. Nws yuav chromosome.

Nyob rau hauv tib neeg cell muaj nees nkaum peb officers ntawm xws ntxwv thiab tej chav nyob ntawm lub chromosomes. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm cov "duet" muaj ob kiag li zoo tib yam ntxwv thiab tej unit. Qhov txawv yog hais tias cov officers yog txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Chromosomes muaj numbered plaub caug-tsib thiab plaub caug-rau poj niam txiv neej. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, qhov no duo yog tib yam xwb nyob rau hauv cov ntxhais, nyob rau hauv cov txiv neej raws li lawv yog cov sib txawv. Tag nrho cov yam ntxwv thiab tej chav nyob, nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm kev pw ua ke, yog hu ua "autosomes." Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias chromosomes nyob muaj li ntawm hais xws li proteins. Lawv yog cov sib txawv nyob rau hauv tsos, ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj ntau kev hloov maj mam, rau lwm yam - me ntsis luv dua lwm tus, tab sis txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj menyuam ntxaib. Chromosome teem (los yog, raws li nws yog hu ua, karyotype) yog ib tug tib neeg caj ces qauv, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov kis ntawm cov caj. Xav txog tej yam ntxwv thiab tej chav tsev ntawm lub tshuab kuaj kab zoo dua thaum lub sij hawm cell division (metaphase theem). Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm chromosomes yog tsim los ntawm ib yam khoom uas xws li chromatin thiab twb pib tau ib qhov nqi, i.e., ploidy.

Raws li sau tseg saum toj no, cov tib neeg cell muaj nees nkaum-peb officers ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv thiab tej ntsiab. Nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob muaj ib tug neeg ploidy.

Haploid thiab diploid tooj ntawm chromosomes. Lub tswvyim ntawm ploidy yog txiav txim raws li tus xov tooj ntawm chromosome poob lawm nyob rau hauv lub hlwb (mas) nyob rau hauv lub nuclei. Nyob rau hauv muaj sia nyob, lub chromosomes yuav muab lawv ua khub thiab unpaired. Tib neeg lub hlwb tsim diploid chromosome teeb, lub esti ob. Xws li ib tug txheej ntawm cov yam ntxwv thiab tej ntsiab raug ntawm tag nrho cov Somatic hlwb. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias txhua tus tib neeg diploid chromosome teeb muaj ib tug 44-autosomes thiab 2 nrog txiv neej pw chromosomes. Haploid txheej chromosomes yog ib tug hluas txheej unpaired yam ntxwv thiab tej ntsiab ntawm kab hlwb. Cov teeb no muaj nees nkaum-ob autosomes thiab tsuas yog ib tus txiv neej pw chromosome. Haploid teeb thiab diploid txheej chromosomes tej zaum yuav tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib tug thiab tib lub sij hawm. Qhov no tshwm sim feem ntau thaum lub sij hawm kev sib deev txheej txheem. Thaum no tus taw tes, lub haploid thiab diploid theem lwm. Los ntawm faib tag set ntaub ntawv ib zaug xwb. Tom qab ntawd, ob tug tib koom tsim tau ib tiav set ntawm cov yam ntxwv thiab tej ntsiab thiab lwm yam

Diploid chromosome teeb yog ib tug txheej ntawm chromosomes, uas yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lub cev hlwb. Nws tag nrho cov chromosomes uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug muab hom, uas hais nyob rau hauv officers. Txhua tus neeg muaj ib tug diploid chromosome set muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm muaj plaub caug plaub autosomes thiab ob pw ua niam txiv yam ntxwv thiab tej lub caij. Lub diploid tooj ntawm chromosomes cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov zygote thiab tag nrho cov Somatic hlwb tsuas yog anzuploidnyh, haploid thiab polyploid hlwb.

Tej zaum nws tshwm sim hais tias muaj yog ib tug cuam tshuam teem ntawm cov yam ntxwv thiab tej units. Failures yuav cuam tshuam rau tsim ntawm chromosomal mob (xws li, tus Down Syndrome - Kev kawm ntawv triosomii, piv txwv li kev ua txhaum cai ntawm cov nees nkaum-thawj khub thiab cov emergence ntawm ib tug ntxiv chromosome (peb)). Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm chromosomes yog qho tseem ceeb heev, vim tej no hais muaj ib tug heev loj tej yam nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev.