Supreme privy Council: hauv lub xyoo ntawm creation thiab cov neeg koom

Supreme privy Council yog tsim los pab tom qab kev tuag ntawm Peter lub Great. Catherine tus accession rau lub zwm txwv lawm los qhov yuav tsum tau rau nws lub koom haum nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim hais qhov teeb meem no: lub Empress yog tsis muaj peev xwm mus saib xyuas cov kev ua ub no ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv.

mus nkag tau

Lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub Supreme privy Council, twb xav tias, yog mus rau "ntxias kom zoo siab mob siab" ntawm lub qub nom tswv cajceg, tshem tawm los ntawm cov nuj nqis nerodovitymi tswj. Nws tsis yog yuav tsum tau hloov tus duab, uas yog lub qhov thiab essence ntawm lub zoo tshaj plaws lub hwj chim, vim hais tias, thaum ceev lawv lub npe, nws tau muab rau hauv ib tug pej xeem lub tsev kawm ntawv.

Muaj ntau historians tau qhia tus saib hais tias lub ntsiab qhov khuam ntawm lub system tsim los ntawm Peter tus poj lub cev ntawm lub hwj chim yog lub cev tsis sib txuas xwm ntawm thawj hwj chim nrog rau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm collegiality, thiab yog li ntawd lub Supreme privy Council twb nrhiav tau.

Nws muab tawm hais tias lub rov tshwm sim ntawm no dua tawm tswv yim lub cev tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub confrontation ntawm nom tswv txaus siab, raws li tsim nyog, hais txog qhov khoob nyob rau hauv tsis tiav Petrine system nyob rau saum toj tswj theem. Cov qhabnias ntawm lub luv luv-lived ua si ntawm lub Council twb tsis tseem ceeb heev, vim hais tias nws yuav tsum tau ua sai li sai tau tom qab mob siab heev thiab active era, thaum muaj ib tug kho kom zoo hloov lwm, tab sis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm pej xeem lub neej twb muaj xav tus pog.

Yog vim li cas rau tsim

Creation ntawm lub Supreme privy Council yog tsim los to taub lub complex teeb meem ntawm lub Petrine kho, tseem tsis tau daws. Nws ua hauj lwm kom meej meej pom hais tias nws tau txais los ntawm Catherine tau tiv thaiv cov kev xeem ntawm lub sij hawm, thiab hais tias yog yuav tsum tau reorganized. Sib lawv liag ntawm tag nrho Supreme Council ua raws li txoj kab ntawm xaiv Peter nyob rau hauv cov kev cai muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev lag luam, txawm tias nyob rau hauv Feem ntau cov kev sib ntawm txoj kev muaj peev xwm yuav piav raws li ib tug reconciliation ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg uas muaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov tub rog, cov rejection uas nws kim heev cov tub rog campaigns thiab cov tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm tej kho kom zoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog. Ib txhij, lub koom haum yog lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm lub lag luam, uas yuav tsum tau tam sim ntawd lub ntsiab.

Cov tswv cuab ntawm lub Supreme privy Council

Lub hnub ntawm lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws tawm tswv yim lub xeev lub tsev kawm ntawv pib nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1726. Nws cov tswv cuab raug tsa los ntawm Nws huam xeeb Highness tub huabtais General Field Marshal Menshikov, Golovkin goskantsler General Apraksin, suav Tolstoy, Baron Osterman thiab tub huabtais Golitsyn. Ib lub hlis tom qab, nws ua tswv cuab twb tau muaj thiab lub Duke ntawm Holstein - nyob rau hauv-txoj cai ntawm Catherine, feem ntau thoj tus neeg ntawm lub Empress. Los ntawm cov outset, cov mej zeej ntawm lub zoo tshaj plaws lub cev twb heev dua lwm yam followers ntawm Peter, tab sis tsis ntev Menshikov, uas nyob rau hauv Peter lub Ob txhais yog nyob rau hauv exile, tsav tsheb Tolstoy. Tom qab ib co sij hawm, Apraksin tuag thiab lub Duke ntawm Holstein thiab nres mus kev sib txoos zoo rau nws. Los ntawm chiv tsa mej zeej ntawm lub Supreme privy Council nyob rau hauv nws cov ibyam muaj tsuas yog peb cov tswv cuab - Osterman, Golitsyn thiab Golovkin. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm no tawm tswv yim lub cev tau hloov ntau heev dua. Maj mam lub hwj chim dhau mus rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov haib princely tsev neeg - Golitsyn thiab Dolgoruky.

kev ua si

Privy Council on qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Empress subdued thiab lub Senate, uas chiv poob ua ntej lawv txiav txim siab xa nws tawm ntawm cov thawj sib lub Synod ntawm sib npaug zos rau nws. Menshikov ntawm tus tshiab khiv tsim lub cev sim sau hwj chim rau lawv tus kheej thiab tsoom fwv. Ministers hu ua nws raws li ib tug neeg, ua ke nrog rau cov senators coj cov lus cog tseg rau cov Empress. Nws twb nruj me ntsis txwv tsis pub mus nqa tawm kev txiav txim tsis kos npe rau los ntawm tus empress thiab nws tus me nyuam, uas yog tus Supreme privy Council.

Raws li Catherine Thawj Testament, nws yog mus rau qhov no lub cev nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg tsawg ntawm Peter II tau muab lub hwj chim, yog sib npaug rau lub hwj chim ntawm lub sovereign. Txawm li cas los, lub privy Council twb tsis muaj txoj cai los mus ua kom cov kev hloov xwb nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm succession rau lub zwm txwv.

Hloov daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv

Los ntawm cov thawj lub caij ntawm lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub koom haum, muaj ntau yam txawv teb chaws tau kwv yees tau me nyuam no yuav hloov rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv Russia. Thiab lawv txoj cai. Thaum nws tuag lawm , Peter II ntawm, thiab nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hmo ntuj ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 19, 1730, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm yuav ntawm Catherine, nws xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tau txwv tsis pub los ntawm lub zwm txwv. Lub pretext yog ib tug tub ntxhais hluas thiab frivolous Elizabeth, ib tug hluas successor ntawm Peter, thiab cov mos liab ntawm lawv tus tub xeeb ntxwv - tus tub ntawm Anna Petrovna. Cov lus nug txog qhov kev xaiv tsa ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab huab tais daws influential lub suab ntawm tub huabtais Golitsyn, leej twg hais tias ib tug yuav tsum tau them nyiaj mloog rau cov laus txoj kab ntawm Peter tsev neeg, thiab yog li ntawd npaj cov candidacy Anny Ioannovny. Ntxhais ntawm John A., kaum cuaj xyoo nyob rau hauv Kurland nplua txhua leej txhua tus, vim hais tias nws twb tsis muaj favorites nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws ciali forms thiab mloog lus, uas tsis muaj inclination rau despotism. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov kev txiav txim yog vim cov uas tsis yog-xaav ntawm Golitsyn Petrine kho. Qhov no narrowly neeg tendencies sawv ntev dhau los thiab koom lub hom phiaj, "lub zoo tshaj plaws" los hloov rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv, uas, ntawm chav kawm, nws yog yooj yim los mus ua thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Anna childless.

"Tej yam kev mob"

Noj kom zoo dua ntawm qhov teeb meem no, "lub Supreme privy Council", txiav txim siab los txwv tus naj npawb ntawm autocratic lub hwj chim, uas cog noob los ntawm Anna kos npe rau tej yam tej yam kev mob, qhov thiaj li hu ua "huab cua txias." Raws li lawv, qhov tiag hwj chim yuav tsum tau muaj nws, lub Supreme privy Council, thiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm huab tais twb txo mus rau tsuas sawv cev functions. Xws li ib tug hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv Russia yog ib qho tshiab.

Qhov kawg ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 1730 tus tshiab-pom Empress kos npe hais nws "mob." Los ntawm tam sim no nyob rau hauv nws tsis muaj tus pom zoo los ntawm lub Supreme Council yuav tsis khi tsov ua rog, xaus kev sib haum xeeb sib cog lus, qhia tshiab se los yog them se-free. Tsis nyob rau hauv nws tsis txawj txaus thiab twb siv lub txhab nyiaj rau lawv tus kheej mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub zoo ibyam saum toj no nyob qib ntawm colonel, cov nyiaj hli Estates, nom tswv cajceg deprivation ntawm lub neej los yog tej khoom vaj tse tsis muaj ib tug mus sib hais, thiab feem ntau cov tseem ceeb - lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug txais mus rau lub zwm txwv.

Cov tawm tsam rau kho dua ntawm lub "Tej yam kev mob"

Anna Ivanovna, muaj tsav mus rau lub Ancient, tau mus rau lub Cathedral ntawm lub Assumption, qhov twg senior tsoom fwv ua hauj lwm thiab cov tub rog swore Empress. Tus tshiab daim ntawv ntawm cov lus cog tseg twb tau deprived ntawm ib co ntawm cov laus qhia lub ntsiab lus cov autocracy, muaj tsis muaj mention txog txoj cai uas belongs rau lub Supreme privy lub cev. Meanwhile, tus ntse nriaj nruab nrab ntawm ob tog - "lub zoo tshaj plaws," thiab ntawm UFW ntawm cov autocracy. Nyob rau hauv lub ibyam ntawm lub yav tas ua si ib tug active luag hauj lwm Yaguzhinskii P., A. Kantemir, Feofan Prokopovich A. Osterman. Lawv kev txhawb los ntawm sab seem ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg, uas zoo siab hlo saib xyuas "Tej yam kev mob." Discontent yog feem ntau vim lub nce ntawm ib tug nqaim vajvoog ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm lub privy Council. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub mob ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg, nyob rau hauv cov hnub hu ua nom tswv cajceg, pom lub tswv yim los tsim kom muaj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab oligarchy thiab lub siab xav mus muab ob lub npe - Dolgoruky thiab Golitsyn - txoj cai los mus xaiv tus huab tais thiab hloov rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv.

Ncua tseg "Tej yam kev mob"

Nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1730 ib tug loj pawg ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg, yog, raws li ib txhia qhov chaw, mus txog rau yim neeg, yog cov palace xa ib daim ntawv thov rau Anne Ioannovne. Cov lawv twb muaj ntau yam ntawm cov tiv thaiv tub ceev xwm. Nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv thov mus rau lub Empress qhia ib qho mob ceev thov ua ke nrog cov nom tswv cajceg ib zaug dua saib hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv los mus ua nws pleasing mus rau tag nrho Lavxias teb sab neeg. Anna, los ntawm lawv qhov dog dig varied, tab sis nws tus niam laus - Ekaterina Ioannovna - yuam nws mus tseem tau kos npe rau tsab ntawv foob. Nws ua nom ua tswv hais kom coj tiav sovereignty thiab ua puas lub cov khoom "Tej yam kev mob."

Anna rau tus tshiab tej yam kev mob tau ruaj rau kev pom zoo ntawm kev ntxhov siab "lub zoo tshaj plaws": li ntawd, muaj ib yam dabtsi sab laug, cia li nods lawv taub hau. Raws li contemporaries, lawv twb tsis muaj lwm yam xaiv, vim hais tias thaum lub slightest txheem los yog disapproval, tus tiv thaiv yuav tau rov rau lawv. Anna zoo siab hlo laj mej pej xeem severed tsis zoo xwb "mob", tab sis kuj nws tus kheej tsab ntawv ntawm kev txaus sab ntawm cov khoom.

Inglorious kawg Council

Tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 1730 nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub tag nrho sovereignty ntawm cov neeg ib zaug dua coj ib tug cog rau lub Empress. Thiab tom qab tsuas yog peb hnub ntawm lub Manifesto ntawm Lub peb hlis ntuj 4 lub abolition ntawm lub Supreme privy Council.

Txoj hmoo ntawm nws cov qub neeg tau tsim txawv. Tub huabtais Golitsyn twb tso, tab sis tej lub sij hawm tom qab nws tuag. Nws cov kwv tij, raws li zoo raws li peb ntawm cov plaub Dolgorukov, twb tua nyob rau hauv lub reign ntawm Anne. Repression spared tsuas yog ib qho ntawm lawv - Vasily Vladimirovich, hais tias thaum Elizabeth acquitted, rov qab los ntawm exile thiab, Ntxiv, tau raug taw taub hau ntawm lub tub rog Collegium.

Osterman thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Empress Anny Ioannovny yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsoom fwv posts. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1740-1741 nws luv luv los ua tus de facto kav ntawm lub teb chaws, tab sis raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lwm palace coup twb yeej thiab exiled nyob rau hauv ib tug birch.