Yam rau tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov tshuaj

Nrog lub tswvyim ntawm "ceev" feem ntau ces yuav tsum nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm physics. Raws li ib tug general txhais, cov ceev yog ib tug nqi uas qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas lub ib chav tsev lub sij hawm hloov tej yam ntxwv.

Cov Science News for KIDS siv txhais "tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi." Pawg no txiav txim ntau npaum li cas ib chav tsev lub sij hawm mas nws txawv concentration pib reagents los yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom tau.

Yuav kom kwv yees tus nqi, hloov cov concentration ntawm ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj.

Cov feem nthuav dab nyob rau hauv ib tug homogeneous ib puag ncig. Homogeneous (uniform) systems yog kua los yog roj cua. Cov tshua muab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi rau xws li ib tug system ntawm kev hloov tus concentration piv yog payment thiab ib tug caij nyoog ntawm lub sij hawm thaum lub sij hawm uas tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim.

Tsis-homogeneous (heterogeneous) ntawm lub cev yog raws li nram no: cov khoom - roj, khoom - kua thiab roj - kua. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuab tshwm sim nyob rau theem ciam nto. Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tshua nyob hauv heterogeneous tshuab txiav txim rau tus xov tooj ntawm moles ntawm cov tshuaj uas tau nkag mus rau los yog tsim los ntawm cov raug lead lom rau qhov chaw unit ib chav tsev lub sij hawm.

Yam rau tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov tshuaj

Muaj feem xyuam rau cov responsiveness ntawm lub concentration ntawm tshuaj, kub, lub xub ntiag ntawm ib lub hauv paus (inhibitor), hu cheeb tsam thiab qhov xwm ntawm tus active cov khoom xyaw.

Ua ntej, cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi yog nyob rau ntawm lub concentration ntawm cov reactants. Nws hlob nyob rau hauv ncaj qha kev faib ua feem rau cov khoom ntawm lawv ntau. Yog vim li cas rau koj ntxiv kom cov kev ceev ua cov nqi ntawm cov reagents ua particle collisions vim ua rau kom lawv muaj pes tsawg ib chav tsev ntim.

Ua lub tus nqi ndlwg ntawm cov tshuaj txheej txheem txhawb rau ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv kub. Cov tshuaj tshua noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv homogeneous tshuab (kua dlaws, roj mixtures) tshwm sim vim collisions ntawm Cheebtsam (hais). Txawm li cas los, yeej tsis clash reagents ua rau cov khoom tshiab. Tsuas yog active hais uas muaj ntau zog lub zog, muaj peev xwm nqa tawm ntawm ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Nrog ua kub tsub kom lub kinetic zog ntawm tus hom tshuaj lom neeg thiab tus naj npawb ntawm active hom kuj yuav tsub kom. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tshwm sim nyob rau kev kub muaj peevxwm tshaj thaum uas tsis muaj. Txiav txim seb yuav ua li cas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi nyob rau hauv lub kub, feem ntau tso cai rau cov van't Hoff. Qhov no postulate hais tias raws li cov kub nce rau txhua kaum degrees Celsius, cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi yog nce los ntawm 3-4 lub sij hawm. Txawm li cas los, qhov no feem ntau muab cov approximate qhov tseem ceeb, thiab nws yog siv tsuas yog rau cov tebchaws ib tug thawj zaug kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub hwj ntawm kub.

Great tej yam nyob rau hauv cov kev ceev ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv renders xub ntiag ntawm ib lub hauv paus - ib yam khoom uas accelerates ib tug tshuaj txheej txheem. Catalysts nrog lub reagents tsim intermediate tshuaj tebchaw, thiab nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lawv tso tawm. Raws li cov xeev ntawm aggregation paub qhov txawv homogeneous thiab heterogeneous catalysts.

Tshuaj uas inhibit qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv, hu ua inhibitors.

Cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi kuj yog nyob ntawm tus txha hu thaj tsam ntawm lub reactants. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nce no yam ntxwv, tus yam khoom uas yog as. Qhov siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm comminution yog tiav los ntawm dissolving lub reagents. Yog li ntawd, tus ceev tshaj tshua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj.

Xwm reactants kuj influences cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi. Piv txwv li, hlau thiab magnesium muaj ib tug txawv ceev nyob rau hauv lub sis raug zoo nrog cov tib concentration ntawm acids. Qhov no yog vim qhov sib txawv tshuaj ua si ntawm cov hlau.