Saponins - yog dab tsi? Cov yam ntxwv, hauj lwm

Tshuaj saponins (kuj glycosides saponizidy los yog geterozidy) - yog derivatives ntawm triterpenoids thiab steroids. Lawv muaj ib tug ces dag thiab hemolytic kev ua si, raws li zoo raws li tshuaj lom kom txias-blooded tsiaj txhu. Saponins raug muab faib ua triterpenoid thiab steroid. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub stems, nplooj, paj, keeb kwm thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj xws li ib tug carbohydrate thiab aglycon.

Hauj lwm thiab cov yam ntxwv

Tej saponin uas nws cov khoom muaj ob peb nta, nyiam ib tug muaj koob cawv rau lom kab mob. Qhov no tshuaj ua hemolysis thiab cov ntaub ntawv cholesterol (vim hais tias ntawm no plhaub loses nws semipermeable erythrocytes). Action saponins ua rau yus lub ingress ntawm hemoglobin nyob rau hauv cov ntshav. Vim li no cov nyhuv nyob rau hauv txias-blooded tsiaj cuam tshuam gills.

Muaj ntau cov kab mob raug tua los ntawm cov tshuaj lom, uas yog cais saponins. Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Cov tebchaw no amorphous los yog crystalline hygroscopic yellowish tshuaj (los yog tsis muaj kob). Rau saponin yog yus muaj los ntawm siab thermal melting thiab decomposition. Lawv muaj peev xwm ntawm tej qhov chaw nro, vim uas los ntawm kev tuav lawv aqueous lub ntsiab tsim ntau ruaj khov ua npuas ncauj. Nyob rau hauv chloroform, benzene thiab diethyl ether siponiny insoluble. Qhov teeb meem no yog txawv nrog dej, ethanol thiab methanol. Nyob rau hauv cov hydrophilic kuab tshuaj saponins soluble nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm theem siab cov ntsiab monosoharidov nyob rau hauv lawv cov molecules.

Piv txwv ntawm saponin nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Far los ntawm tib lub tsev neeg ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj saponins. Tag nrho cov zaum muaj txog 40 ntawm cov tsiaj pawg. Lub hlwb ntawm tej nroj tsuag comprise yaj saponins. Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Feem ntau cov feem ntau, qhov no yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm underground nroj tsuag. Triterpene saponins yog cov yam ntxwv Caryophyllaceae, Araliaceae, legumes, polemoniaceae, polygalaceae, hippocastanoideae, Rosaceae thiab t. D. Nws yog dav faib cov nroj tsuag xws li licorice, los yog ginseng, e.g., Aralia.

Tshuaj saponins yog ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag teej tug mus rau lub Lily tsev neeg, figwort, agave, dioscoreaceae thiab thiaj li. Nyob rau. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li sarsaparil, foxglove thiab Dioscorea.

Interestingly, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tus muaj cais saponins los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej tiv thaiv pathogens. Yog li, glycosides hnia lawv txoj kev loj hlob nqi, kev nyuaj siab kuj thiab txhim kho germination. saponin By hloov nyob tus yeees ntawm carotenoid pigments muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv photosynthesis. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yuav tau ua nyob rau hauv cov nplooj, nyob qhov twg nws yog thauj los ntawm tus so ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Pab compound yog sau nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb hlwb thiab epidermal kav. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, nws nkag mus rau hauv lub rhizome, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau vegetative hais tawm. Saponins yog ua nyob rau ntawm ib nce tus nqi nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau cov nroj tsuag ntaub so ntswg.

Hydrolysis thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm monosaccharides

Lom saponins nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, acid hydrolysis. Lawv muaj peev xwm tsim molecular ceg nrog lipids, sterols, cov nqaijrog thiab phenolic tebchaw. Saponins (ntau precisely, lawv carbohydrate feem) muaj los ntawm 1 mus rau 11 monosaccharides. Nyob ntawm seb tus nqi ntawm ib yam khoom hais txog ib tug kev hom: oligozidam, pentozidam, triozidam, biozidam, monozidam.

Nyob rau hauv feem ntau lawv muaj tshuaj xws li D-xylose, D-qabzib, D-galactose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose thiab t. D. Tej yam zoo li thiab muaj xws li saponins. Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Monosaccharides - organic compound txoj kev ua rau cov pa roj carbon chains uas tej zaum yuav branched los yog linear. Tshuaj saponins hom muaj 1-5 xws hais, thaum nws triterpene yuav muaj 10 los yog ntau txawm tias.

Lub extraction ntawm saponins

Kev npaj ntawm saponin los ntawm tus thawj tej yam ntuj tso raw cov ntaub ntawv yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ob peb ua sawv. Xub thawj yog txoj extraction (hloov lwm lub tsev Cheebtsam ntawm ib tug khoom mus rau ib tug kua nrog ib tug hnyav). Ces, lub resulting cov ntaub ntawv uas yog kev dawb huv thiab cais.

Rau lub extraction ntawm ncov qaumteb qabteb kuab tshuaj siv - ethanol thiab methanol nrog rau ntau yam ntau. Kuj siv sodium tshuaj dawb tov. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, extraction ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv mus ua ether thiab cov pa roj carbon. Yog tsis muaj txoj kev ua no tsis yooj yim sua puas tsuaj slozhnorastvorimyh ceg xws li saponins, cov nqaijrog, sterols thiab phenolic tebchaw.

tu

Ib tug qauv rau purifying lub saponins tau nyob li lawv cov qauv. Piv txwv li, ncov qaumteb qabteb hom tsis zoo soluble nyob rau hauv methanol thiab ethanol, thiab nyob rau hauv txias los yog tas li ntawd ntawm ethanol tsim ib tug yam ntxwv precipitate. Qhov teeb meem no yog txawv nrog glycosides. Lawv precipitated tom qab dilution nrog dej, haus dej cawv extracts, thiab tsis yaj nyob rau hauv cov dej. Yuav kom ntxuav lub triterpene saponins yuav tsum tau alkali. Tsis tas li ntawd kuj rau lawv, acetone, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, isoamyl thiab butyl alcohols.

Lwm yam purification txoj kev yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm cov tshiab saponins, ua ke nrog cov hlau lead acetate los yog barium hydroxide insoluble ntsev. Thaum tau txais daim ntawv ntawm tej ceg yog decomposed. Tej kev tsim nyog nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muab lub hauv feem ntau ntshiab saponins. Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Qhov no yog lub siab tshaj plaws zoo thiab devoid ntawm impurities Cheebtsam nrog ib tug uniform muaj pes tsawg leeg.

chromatographic sib cais

Tej tsob nroj teeb meem (e.g., flavonoids, saponins thiab t. D.) Yuav tsum tau ceev faj tuav. Ntxuav rau lawv, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub twb tau piav txoj kev tam sim no feem ntau siv chromatographic sib cais. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, siv kuab tshuaj xws li acetic acid, n-butanol, chloroform, aqueous ammonia, n-propyl cawv, methanol, thiab t. D.

Tom qab ua ntej chromatographic sib cais ua pib acidic reagents - .. Phosphomolybdic acid, antimony pentachloride, thiab lwm yam li ntawd, saponins daim ntawv polyenes - conjugated unsaturated compound. Lawv yuav tsum tau pleev xim rau nyob rau hauv liab thiab ntshav los yog liab (nyob ntawm seb tus qauv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw).

daim ntawv thov

Saponins yog siv nrog txawv cov hom phiaj. Piv txwv li, lawv yuav ntxiv mus rau hauv lub foaming neeg sawv cev nyob rau hauv lub tua hluav taws (vim lub fact tias cov tshuaj ntawv tshaj lather). Saponins kuj muaj xws li ncua thiab emulsions ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg, yog li stabilizing cov dispersions. Tshuaj nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no yog cov sib txawv emulsifying zog, uas ua rau lawv ib pab tivthaiv ntawm xab npum.

Saponins yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm ib co dej qab zib (e.g., npias), raws li zoo raws li confectionery (halvah). Lawv ua raws li kev noj haus thiab kev pab noj haus. Lawv kuj siv nyob rau hauv kev kho mob chaw (sedatives, tonics, expectorants, tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab thiaj li nyob. D.). Dua li ntawm qhov kho cov kev pab cuam, saponins vim hais tias ntawm nws cov toxicity, ceev faj yuav tsum tau thaum uas siv cov.

Kev siv cov pharmacology

Saponins, licorice tau ntev tau paub txog nws cov anti-kev tsis haum thiab anti-inflammatory kev txiav txim. raws li nyob rau hauv cov formulations tej zaum yuav ua tau ib tug hmoov, ib phoov los yog extract. Liquorice - lub hauv paus ntawm cov tshuaj. Nws yog ntxiv los txhim kho qhov saj ntawm cov tshuaj thiab tshuaj yeeb. Licorice yog siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab lub qhov chaw mos kabmob, raws li zoo raws li hlwv.

Qhov tseem pab tau los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm pharmacology yog suav tias yog ib feem ntawm lub saponins glycyrrhetinic acid thiab glycyrrhizin. Raws li lawv yog ua kev npaj los mus pab nyob rau hauv sib ntaus tawm tsam mob hawb pob. Lwm pab tivthaiv - flavonoid. Cov tebchaw yog ib feem flakarbina thiab likiritona muaj antiulcer, antisecretory, anti-inflammatory thiab spasmolytic nyhuv. Cov tshuaj siv rau pais plab thiab duodenal rwj los yog gastritis.

Cov nyhuv lig ntawm ginseng yog lub npe hu nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj rau txhiab xyoo, qhov no cog tau los ua ib tug nrov tshuaj thiab yog symbolically hu ua "lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej". Nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj thiab Kauslim Teb, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv ua noj ua haus. Ginseng hauv paus hniav muaj ib tug tonic thiab stimulating nyhuv, lawv yog siv raws li ib tug adaptogen. Nyiaj rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov reagents yog siv nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob ntawm adrenal qog. Lub concentration ntawm saponins nyob rau hauv ginseng nce mus txog ib tug tshaj plaws li ncav lub hnub nyoog ntawm rau nroj tsuag.

Cov nyhuv rau tib neeg lub cev

Zoo li alkaloids, saponins muaj ib feem nyob rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv. Thaum muab tso rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav los yog txheej nyias nyias ntawm lub qhov ntswg thiab qhov muag voos lawv ua. Ib intensified secretion ntawm qog, uas yuav pab tau tshem ntawm hnoos qeev thiab pab bronchi. Txawm li cas los, lub concentration ntawm saponin rau tib neeg lub cev tej zaum yuav ntev li ntawm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj yog voos ntawm cov hnyuv thiab plab. Cov tshuaj lom los ntawm cov tshuaj ua rau ntuav, xeev siab, kiv taub hau thiab mob raws plab.

Saponins yog pab tau raws li cov neeg ua hauj los ntawm cov uas lwm yam tshuaj sai sai absorbed rau hauv lub cev tib neeg. Lawv nyhuv nyob ntawm cov kev nroj tsuag. Dhau li ntawm tus twb hais los, tej zaum lawv yuav muaj anti-rwj, me me laxative, adaptogenic, kortikotropny thiab diuretic nyhuv.

raw cov ntaub ntawv

Ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau heev qhov chaw ntawm raw khoom rau lub rho tawm ntawm saponins yog Manchurian Aralia. Qhov no yog ib tug me me thiab ceev ceev-loj hlob ntoo siab los ntawm 3 mus rau 6 meters. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm sab nraum lub hauv paus system thiab ib tug superficially xws li ib tug xib tsob ntoo. Cov nroj tsuag yog ib qho nyob rau hauv lub Far East ntawm Russia, xws li Khabarovsk, Primorsky ib ncig thiab cov Amur Region.

Saponins yog pom nyob rau hauv cov keeb kwm ntawm Aralia. Thaum lawv siv ntxawm nroj tsuag uas muaj hnub nyoog 5 mus rau 15 xyoo. Cov hauv paus hniav tua nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg los yog caij nplooj ntoos hlav nyob rau hauv lub ua ntej blooming nplooj. Lawv khawb nrog crowbars thiab shovels. Ces, kom qhuav yog yuav tsum tau, nws yog feem ntau nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb dryers, nyob rau hauv uas kub nce mus txog 60 ° C. Txee lub neej ntawm tej raw cov ntaub ntawv yog peb lub xyoos.