Yuav ua li cas tshuaj yuav ua tau: chav kawm ntawv, yam ntxwv, lub zog. Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm lub substance

Ntawm cov yooj yim sciences Science News for KIDS yog ib thaj av ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse, uas kawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tebchaw, raws li zoo raws li lawv kev sib nrig sib transformations. Ib tug ntawm lub hauv paus lus nug ntawm Science News for KIDS yuav raws li nram no: li cas yog cov chav kawm ntawm tshuaj? Tshwj xeeb seem ntawm science, xws li, inorganic thiab organic tshuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav tias yuav tus qauv thiab thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaw, thiab kuj qhia lawv cov tswv yim muaj nuj nqis.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub tshuaj lom neeg uas yuav ua li cas faib rau lub cev lub cev thiab cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv - cov no thiab lwm cov lus nug yuav tsum tau them los ntawm peb nyob rau hauv no ua hauj lwm.

Cov yooj yim lub tswvyim ntawm Science News for KIDS

Nyob rau hauv txhua txhua ceg ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse yog tus yuam sij - qhov yooj yim lub tswv yim thiab tswv yim, uas muaj nyob rau tag nrho cov slender lub tsev ntawm science. Rau kev kawm txog zauv - ib tug xov tooj uas programming - cov ntaub ntawv abstraction. Cov tshuaj tshuaj occupies ib tug central txoj hauj lwm - daim ntawv ntawm qhov teeb meem, uas yog structural units ntawm atoms, molecules los yog ions. Combining nyob rau hauv ntau yam ob peb ua ke, lawv tsim ib tug zoo heev npaum li cas los ntawm ntau yam tebchaw muaj sib txawv tshuaj thiab lub cev thaj chaw ntawm lub substance.

Lub cev cov ntaub ntawv thiab

Raws li cov duab kos tau tshwm ntawm lub xeev ntawm aggregation, nws yog ua tau los mus txiav txim yog dab tsi cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv qhov: khoom, kua los yog gaseous. Workers ib tug siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo structural units tshuaj tebchaw tsim lub cev. Cov tshuaj uas hais (atoms, molecules los yog ions) yog siv los ntawm txiv neej rau tej uas yuav tsum tau thiab xav tau kev pab, hu ua cov duab. Piv txwv li, MAAs, iav - nws yog dag, thiab cov ntoo, xuab zeb, granite - ib tug natural khoom.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug dawb huv substance

Nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, paub qhov txawv ntawm tus neeg tshuaj thiab mixtures. Cov yav tas nyob rau hauv cov xwm los ntawm ntau cov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov ntau ntau dua: hiav txwv dej, ntshav, mis nyuj, pob zeb, cov pa peb qus ua pa - nws yog ib tug ua ke ntawm ob peb lub tebchaw. Mus ntsib nrog cov ntshiab tshuaj yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv ib tug lub tsev kawm Science News for KIDS lab. Reagents nyob rau hauv nws yog faib raws li cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm kev coj dawb huv. Yog li, nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ntshiab ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov loj feem ntawm impurities yog tsawg tshaj li 0,0001%, tab sis nyob rau hauv high technology industries xws li microelectronics, robotics, lub Aerospace kev lag luam, xws li ib tug degree ntawm kev coj dawb huv tsis txaus.

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv semiconductors 10 milliardov germanium atoms yog pub tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ib impurity atom. Yuav kom txiav txim uas yog lub substance ntawm kev coj dawb huv, siv xws niaj hnub txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, raws li ib tug dispersion, solubilization thiab colloid-tshuaj kho mob. Tom qab liberation ntawm lub impurities ntawm nws cov tshuaj thiab lub zog ntawm qhov teeb meem yog cov cim.

Language Science News for KIDS

Yog ib tug pes tsawg science, siv lub tswvyim ntawm teeb meem, Science News for KIDS siv cov cim ntawm lub ntsiab. Lawv qhia tias cov zoo thiab ntau pes tsawg leeg ntawm molecules. Yog li, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov organic sib txuas ntawm cov qauv nws muaj ob peb xaiv, xws li ib tug compound ntawm lub tuam mis, raws li nws cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm combustion khoom.

Tebchaw ntawm tej yam yooj yim thiab complex

Ntxiv cov kev tshawb fawb rau cov lus teb rau lo lus nug, yog dab tsi tshuaj, nws yog ib nqi recalling ib tug ntawm cov thawj classifications kawm zaj lus qhia Science News for KIDS - lub division rau hauv yooj yim thiab complex tshuaj. Tus thawj nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj atoms ntawm tsuas yog ib qho tshuaj caij. Piv txwv li, cov pa - O _2, sulfur - S, calcium - CA. Lwm tus, hu ua ntau lub tebchaw muaj li ntawm atoms ntawm ob (binary tshuaj H ₂ O, CuS) los yog ntau tshaj tshuaj ntsiab. Piv txwv li, Na ₂ CO _3, kav ywm (OH) _2. Tej yam yooj yim tshuaj, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv hlau thiab uas tsis yog-hlau.

Lub ntsiab sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv muaj kev txhawj xeeb feem ntau nrog rau tej yam ntxwv raws li lub zog. Tshuaj "co" yog yooj yim coj los ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm silvery sheen, lawv yeej zoo kawg thiab conductors ntawm tshav kub thiab hluav taws xob, raws li cov transmitters ntawm cov thawj zoo. Tsis-co nyob rau hauv lub overwhelming mob dielectrics. Lawv yog cov tseem txom nyem conductors ntawm tshav kub thiab. Txawm li cas los, qhov no faib yog arbitrary tshuaj. Txij li thaum ntawm hlau thiab nonmetals nyuaj rau kos ib tug ntshiab txim hluav taws xob. Piv txwv li, germanium, graphite, yog lug siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering, hais txog rau cov uas tsis-hlau.

Cov chav kawm ntawm complex tshuaj

Systematizing paub piav qhia txog cov tshuaj thiab lub cev thaj chaw ntawm lub substance, zaum faib inorganic thiab organic tebchaw mus rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawv. Oxides, acids, ntsev thiab bases yog kawm nyob rau hauv kom meej nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS chav kawm 7 - 9 chav kawm thiab cov chav kawm ntawm cov organic tshuaj (hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes) yog nkag tau rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam ntawm 10 - 11 lub tsev kawm ntawv.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tshuaj chav kawm yog expanding tib neeg horizons, yeej txhawb lub tsim ntawm real-lub ntiaj teb no kev, uas muaj ib tug lossis loj ntau yam ntawm tshuaj. Yog li, xav tias yuav lub oxides, peb kawm tsis tau tsuas yog hais txog dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov hoob kawm no substance nyob rau hauv lawv lub cev los yog tshuaj zog, tab sis kuj mus ntsib cov kis ntawm oxides lawm, raws li tau zoo raws li txhais tau lawv cov kev siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab lub neej txhua hnub. Yog li, pob zeb ntais oxide SiO ₂ yog ib feem ntawm cov xuab zeb, av nplaum, granite, quartz, txoj kev ua rau lithosphere ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau hauv lub tsev ntaub ntawv kev lag luam, nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov iav, MAAs, ceramics. Hlau oxides FeO, Fe ₂ O _3, Fe ₃ O ₄ yog cov pib kawm txog ntau hom hlau ore constituting lub teb, e.g., Krivoy Rog, Kurskoe, Kachkanarskoye. Cov huab cua yog dav hais raws li carbon oxides, tshwj xeeb yog cov pa roj carbon dioxide, thiab nitrogen oxides.

Ntsev - lub feem ntau kim heev hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj

Peb tau pom tias tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub oxide - binary tebchaw nrog rau oxygen nrog hlau thiab uas tsis yog-hlau. Tam sim no peb kawm txog ib yam ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws chav kawm ntawm inorganic tshuaj - ntsev. Lawv lub zog yog piav los ntawm lub ionic lattice. Nws yog ib feem peev xwm rau kev hluav taws xob tam sim no ob leeg nyob rau hauv kev daws teeb meem thiab nyob rau hauv molten, thiab siab melting kub. Piv txwv li, cov ntsev yog sib npaug zos rau 801 ° C, muaj calcium silicate - 1544 ° C.

Ntsev koom nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj dab nrog co, alkalis, acids, thiab muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv cov kua hnov mob nrog txhua lwm yam, pib nyob rau hauv cov kev pauv tshua. Science News for KIDS tshuaj xyuas tsis tau tsuas yog dab tsi yog yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv nws cov tshuaj thiab lub zog, tab sis kuj them zoo mloog kom nws siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, ua liaj ua teb thiab cov tsev neeg. Piv txwv li, sodium tshuaj dawb, siv los ntawm peb nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav dib qaub cov zaub mov yog ib tug raw khoom rau cov multi-tuj hydrochloric acid, dej qab zib, chlorine. poov tshuaj ntsev, e.g., chloride, nitrate thiab sulfate, yog cov mineral chiv uas txhim khu qoob loo loo. Calcium carbonate sawv cev nyob rau hauv cov xwm, uas feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho.

Properties psychotropic tshuaj

Ntuj tsim los yog artificially tsim compound influencing ob lub qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv paus poob siab system thiab lub peripheral qhov hu ua tshuaj los yog neuroleptics. Los ntawm qhov tsis zoo zog thiab lawv muaj peev xwm yuav ua tau kom ib tug tib neeg kev sib raug zoo, feem ntau siv lub sij hawm "tshuaj". Mus tshab tej yam psychotropic tshuaj mus rau lub paj hlwb nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, peb rov qab hais tias lub tebchaw ntawm no series Tej zaum cov lug txhim khu cov kis tau tus mob npaum li cas ntawm excitation mus rau lub hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum, thiab inhibit lub lag luam ntawm tag nrho cov paj hlwb.

Cov ntawd yog cov stimulators ntawm ntau hom ntawm receptors: mob, hnov, pom tau qhov sib, tactile. Qhov no yuav ua rau ib tug neeg ib tug tshwj xeeb lub xeev nco qab, hu ua ib tug hloov. Zoo paub tej yam ntuj tso tshuaj siv rau cov softer txiav txim ntxim rau cov tib neeg lub cev. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv kas fes taum, tshuaj yej nplooj, txiv hmab txiv ntoo nutmeg.

Txaus pronounced lom los muaj nicotine standard, ibotenic acid muaj nyob rau hauv lub Extract noxious fungi. Muaj ntau mob tshuaj siv nyob rau hauv tshuaj loog, xws li morphine, codeine, ephedrine, derived ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Lawv yog cov tseem hwj chim psychoactive tebchaw. Qhov loj tshaj plaws, ua rau lub teb puas tsuaj ntawm tus tib neeg lub cev yog semi-cua thiab hluavtaws antipsychotic tshuaj: amphetamine, heroin, LSD. Kev siv ntawm psychotropic tshuaj yog nruj me ntsis tshuaj, thiab daim ntawv thov sau nyob rau hauv lub yuav tsum tau saib xyuas ntawm ib tug kws kho mob.

Substance nrog nws cov khoom

Cov yuag tag nrho ntawm cov tshuaj tebchaw yuav tau hu cov neeg uas muaj ib yam, tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, feem ntau zas hlau nyob rau hauv qhov yog xav tau kub, feem ntau qab zib tshuaj - -u-α-aminomalonic acid -aspargil. Nws yog 40 000 lub sij hawm sweeter tshaj rooj qab zib. Tab sis cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi tshuaj muaj fetid tsis hnov tsw, muaj yog tsis muaj ib qho lus teb raws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm mercury-leej faj tebchaw nrog tus mis RSH, hu ua mercaptans, disgusting tsis hnov tsw. Lawv faib nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lwj uas twb tuag lawm organic teeb meem tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov quav ntawm cov noog thiab cov tsiaj, thiab txawm yog ib feem ntawm lub odoriferous qog ntawm ib co tsiaj txhu, xws li tus tshwj ntxim.

Raws li koj tau pom, lub ntiaj teb no yog loj loj thiab nthuav cov ntaub ntawv, thiab Science News for KIDS - lub science uas tso cai rau peb mus kawm lawv cov qauv, lub zog thiab tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej.