Tshuaj equilibrium - raws li nyob rau hauv reversible tshuaj

Raws li ib tug ntawm cov classifications siv los piav qhia txog cov tshuaj dab, muaj ob hom kev tshua rov qab - reversible thiab irreversible. Reversible cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis txog rau thaum xaus, piv txwv li, tsis muaj leej twg ntawm cov tshuaj uas tau nkag mus rau hauv nws, yog tsis noj kiag li thiab tsis hloov lub concentration. Qhov no txoj kev finishes tsim tshuaj equilibrium los yog tshuav nyiaj li cas, uas txhais ⇌. Tab sis lub rau pem hauv ntej thiab rov qab tshua mus ntxiv, tsis muaj siv ceev xwmphem, hu li ntawd dynamic tshuav nyiaj li cas los yog mobile. Muaj yuav tuaj ib lub tshuaj equilibrium qhia tias qhov ncaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau tib lub ceev (V1), thiab hais tias lub rov qab (V2), V1 = V2. Yog hais tias lub siab thiab kub yog unchanged, qhov nqi koj tshuav nyob rau hauv lub kaw lus yuav kav indefinitely.

Quantitatively tshuaj equilibrium piav los ntawm tus equilibrium qhov uas yog tus piv ntawm cov kab constants (K1) thiab cov tswv yim (K2) tshua. Xam nws yuav ua tau raws li cov mis: K = K1 / K2. Kev kawm ntawv ntawm lub equilibrium qhov yuav yog nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub reactants thiab kub.
Xaav tshuaj equilibrium raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm Le Chatelier, uas nyeem hais tias raws li nram no: "Yog hais tias ib tug system uas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, cawv los ntawm lwm yam tseem ceeb, lub equilibrium yog ntxhov thiab moog nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia yam txawv rau qhov kev hloov no."

Xav txog tshuaj equilibrium tej yam kev mob thiab nws cov xaav nyob rau cov piv txwv ntawm lub tsim ntawm ammonia molecules: N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3 + Q.

Xav tshuaj tiv thaiv no kab zauv, teev:

1. direct teb - ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub compound, raws li 2 ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj 1 complex yog tsim (ammonia), thiab qhov rov qab - decomposition;

2. ncaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hais nrog lub tsim ntawm tshav kub, yog li nws yog - yog exothermic, yog li ntawd, rov qab - endothermic thiab mus nrog tus haum ntawm tshav kub.

Tam sim no xav txog lub equation muab modifying tej tsis:

1. concentration hloov. Yog hais tias lub concentration ntawm thawj zaug tshuaj kom - nitrogen thiab hydrogen - thiab txo tus nqi ntawm cov ammonia, lub equilibrium tsiv mus rau sab xis mus rau tsim ntawm NH3. Yog hais tias koj xav kom nws mus rau sab laug, ua rau kom lub concentration ntawm ammonia.

2. Qhov kub sawv yuav tsiv mus nyob rau equilibrium ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv uas kub yog absorbed, thiab yog nws txo qis - yog tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias tus kub nce ntawm ammonia synthesis, lub equilibrium yog txav mus rau lub starting cov ntaub ntawv, i.e., rau sab laug, thiab thaum twg lub kub - mus rau sab xis nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom.

3. Yog hais tias lub siab nce, lub equilibrium txav mus rau sab, qhov twg tus nqi ntawm lub gaseous tshuaj yog qhov tsawg, thiab thaum twg lub siab txo - nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia qhov chaw uas tus nqi ntawm cov roj qab. Nyob rau hauv synthesizing NH3 los ntawm N2 thiab 4 moles ntawm 3H2 yog tau 2 NH3. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias peb ua rau kom lub siab, tus equilibrium tsiv mus rau sab xis, mus rau tsim ntawm NH3. Yog hais tias lub siab yog txo, qhov nqi koj tshuav yuav ceev nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm tus thawj khoom.

Peb xaus hais tias cov tshuaj equilibrium yuav ntxhov yog hais tias tus nce los yog txo:

1. kub;

2. siab;

3. concentration ntawm tshuaj.

Thaum qhia tej catalyst rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuav nyiaj li cas yog tsis tau hloov, i.e., tshuaj equilibrium yog tsis ntxhov.