Hom kua. Hom kev daws teeb meem ntawm nrog ib tug concentration

Cug - nws muaj ob los yog ntau tshaj tshuaj ib homogeneous loj los yog sib tov nyob rau hauv uas ib tug yeeb tshuaj yeeb yam raws li ib tug hnyav, thiab lwm yam - raws li ib tug soluble hais.

Muaj ob theories ntawm keeb kwm kev kho mob ntsiab: tshuaj, uas yog tus founder ntawm Mendeleev D. I., thiab lub cev, npaj los ntawm tus German thiab Swiss physicist Ostwald thiab Arrhenius. Raws li tus txhais lus los ntawm Mendeleev, hnyav thiab solute Cheebtsam ua koom nyob rau hauv ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsim volatile sib txuas ntawm cov tib yam los yog hais.

Lub cev tib yam kev tshawb xav tsis tshuaj sis ntawm lub lwg me me ntawm kuab thiab yaj tshuaj, piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm tsim kua raws li niaj hnub muab faib rau cov hais (molecules, ions) ntawm tus hais ntawm lub kuab yaj lub substance vim lub cev phenomena hu ua diffusion.

Classification kev daws teeb meem raws li ntau yam qauv

Tam sim no muaj yog tsis muaj uniform system ntawm kev faib kev daws teeb meem, txawm li cas los, nyob ntawm hom ntawm cov ntsiab yuav grouped nyob rau hauv lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev, namely:

I) Raws li sau ua ib pawg xeev paim: khoom, gaseous thiab kua daws teeb meem.

II) Qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov solute hais: colloidal thiab tiag.

III) Raws li cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm particle concentration ntawm yaj tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj: nyeem, unsaturated, feeb meej, diluted.

IV) Los ntawm muaj peev xwm mus ua hluav taws xob tam sim no: electrolytes thiab uas tsis yog-electrolytes.

V) By lub hom phiaj thiab daim ntawv thov teb: tshuaj, kev kho mob, kev tsim kho, tshwj xeeb kev daws teeb meem, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Cov ntaub ntawv kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub sau ua ib pawg xeev

Classification kev daws teeb meem ntawm aggregation ntawm lub kuab muaj nyob rau hauv lub sab kev txiav txim zoo ntawm lub sij hawm qhov tseem ceeb. Nws yog suav tias yog kev daws teeb meem ua kua tshuaj (thiab raws li solute yuav ua raws li ib tug kua los yog khoom lub caij), tab sis xav tias qhov tseeb hais tias cov tshuaj - ib tug homogeneous system ntawm ob los yog ntau tshaj tebchaw, nws yog ib zajlus kom paub txog kuj khoom dlaws, thiab gaseous. Khoom cov ntsiab yog xav tau ib tug sib tov ntawm, e.g., ob peb co, zoo dua lub npe hu colloquially li cov alloys. Gaseous hom kev daws teeb meem - ib tug sib tov ntawm ob peb gases, ib qho piv txwv - ambient cua peb, uas yog sawv cev raws li ib tug compound ntawm oxygen, nitrogen thiab cov pa roj carbon dioxide.

Solutions raws li qhov loj ntawm lub neej hais

Hom kev daws teeb meem ntawm yaj tsuas hais xws li muaj tseeb (pa) daws thiab colloidal systems. Qhov tseeb lub ntsiab solute tawg mus rau hauv me me molecules los yog atoms rau kwv lam qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov kuab molecules. Yog li qhov muaj tseeb tiag cov tshuaj hom khaws cov thawj thaj chaw ntawm lub hnyav, transforming nws tsuas yog me ntsis nyob rau hauv tus ntawm physico-tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub caij ntxiv rau nws. Xws li los ntawm dissolving lub ntsev nyob rau hauv dej los yog qab zib dej nyob rau hauv tib lub xeev ntawm aggregation ntawm tib lub taub hau, yuav luag tib yam xim, hloov xwb nws saj.

Colloidal kev daws teeb meem sib txawv ntawm cov pa nyob rau hauv hais tias lub add-on tivthaiv yog tsis tau kiag li decomposed, thaum tswj cov complex molecules thiab cov tebchaw uas zoo heev tshaj qhov ntev ntawm lub kuab hais, tshaj ib tug nqi ntawm 1 nanometer.

Hom kev daws teeb meem ntawm nrog ib tug concentration

Cov nqi qub kuab yuav muab ntxiv ntau nqi ntawm cov solute caij, tso zis yuav muaj kev daws teeb meem uas txawv ntau. Peb sau cov ntsiab sawv daws yuav:

1. Noo ntsiab yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug degree ntawm solubility ntawm lub substance uas tus solute tivthaiv nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug qhov kub thiab siab yog tsis disintegrates rau atoms thiab molecules, thiab kev daws nce mus txog equilibrium theem. Noo cov ntsiab tseem yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv concentrates nyob rau hauv uas qhov loj feem ntawm yaj Cheebtsam yog piv nrog rau cov hnyav, thiab diluted nyob qhov twg cov solute yog ob peb lub sij hawm tsawg kuab.
2. Unsaturated - cov kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv uas lub solute tseem tawg ua me me mus rau hauv me me hais.
3. Supersaturated ntsiab yog tau thaum hloov tsis influencing yam (kub, siab), uas ua nyob rau hauv ib tug ntxiv cov txheej txheem "crushing" lub neej yam khoom uas, nws yuav muaj ntau dua nyob rau hauv dab tsi (li qub) tej yam kev mob.

Electrolytes thiab uas tsis yog-electrolytes

Tej yam tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov kua dissociate rau hauv ions muaj peev xwm ntawm kev hluav taws xob tam sim no. Tej homogeneous systems yog hu ua electrolytes. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li acids, feem ntau ntsev. Ib tug kev daws teeb meem tsis muaj kev siv hluav taws xob tam sim no, xa mus rau raws li uas tsis yog-electrolytes (yuav luag tag nrho cov organic tebchaw).

Cov pawg lwm cov kev daws npaj

Lub ntsiab tseem indispensable nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sectors ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag, lub specifics uas tsim cov hom ntawm tshwj xeeb kev daws teeb meem, xws li kev kho mob, kev tsim kho, tshuaj, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Kev kho mob cov ntsiab - ib tug ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj pleev, ncua, kua txiv hmab, kev daws teeb meem rau Txoj kev lis ntshav thiab txhaj tshuaj, thiab lwm yam ntau npaum ntaub ntawv siv rau kev kho mob hom phiaj rau cov kev kho mob thiab kev tiv thaiv los ntawm ntau yam kab mob.

Hom tshuaj daws teeb meem muaj xws li ib tug myriad ntawm homogeneous tebchaw siv nyob rau hauv tshuaj tshua: acid ntsev. Cov kev daws teeb meem tej zaum yuav organic los yog inorganic, dej (hiav txwv dej) los yog anhydrous (raws li nyob rau hauv benzene, acetone thiab thiaj li nyob. D.), Kua (vodka) los yog khoom (dag). Lawv tau pom lawv daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ntau yam sectors ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag: tshuaj, khoom noj khoom haus, textile kev lag luam.

Hom mortars txawv khov thiab tuab taub hau, uas yog vim li cas nws yog ntau tsim nyog title mix.

Vim nws muaj peev xwm mus sai heev solidify, lawv ntse siv raws li ib tug phau ntawv rau masonry phab ntsa, Qab Nthab, cov yuav txhawb lug, raws li zoo raws li rau qhov finishing ua hauj lwm. Aqueous lub ntsiab, feem ntau peb-feem (kuab MAAs ntau cim muab tub lim) uas yog siv raws li ib tug tub lim xuab zeb, av nplaum, gravel, txiv qaub, gypsum thiab lwm yam kev siv cov ntaub ntawv.