Lub Khoos Loos Tsev mis - nraaj sawv cev yam khoom uas

Nws tau ntev tau txais nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm tej yam khoom uas cov ntaub ntawv abbreviated los ntawm cov cim thiab indices (numbers). Sau ntawv nyob rau hauv no txoj kev no yog hu ua "empirical" mis. Piv txwv li, nyob tus yeees ntawm cov phosphoric acid yog reflected nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no - H ₃ PO _4. Los ntawm no cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv, cov molecule ntawm phosphoric acid yog muaj li ntawm peb hydrogen atoms, ib tug - phosphorus, thiab plaub - oxygen. Txawm li cas los, nws yog tsis totaub li cas lub ntsiab sib thooj,, i.e. ntaub ntawv yog tsis tag. Nyob rau no kis, lub yam ntxwv mis siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw.

Xws li ib tug compound muaj ntau dua kev cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv ntaub ntawv ntsiab lus txij thaum nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm schematically qhia, yuav ua li cas thiab nyob rau hauv dab tsi ib theem zuj zus ntsiab substance interconnected. Wherein txhua covalent daim ntawv cog lus (khub ntawm electrons) yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug khiav ceev thiab sau raws nkaus Ii ib chav tsev ntawm valence.

Piv txwv li, cov pa muaj ib tug valence ntawm ob tug, nws yog surrounded los ntawm ob tug kab, hydrogen - valence ntawm ib tug, yog li ntawd, ib tug khiav ceev, phosphorus - tsib, tsib dashes. Raws li xws sau ntawv tej zaum yuav lam xav tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj cais thiab npaj.

Cov yam ntxwv mis tej zaum yuav tau muab sau nyob rau hauv tag nrho thiab zog daim ntawv. tag nrho cov bonds ntawm atoms teev thaum txhab daim ntawv no, thiab kev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv abbreviated daim ntawv - tsis muaj.

Cov feem ntau pom tseeb thiab tseem ceeb yog lub graphical sawv cev ntawm lub tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov organic Science News for KIDS. Tom qab tag nrho, lub thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj tsis tsuas yog nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg tus atoms thiab molecules, tiam sis kuj qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lawv cov kev sib txuas. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua "isomers" (branching ntawm cov pa roj carbon saw).

Piv txwv li, lub yam ntxwv mis ntawm ethane hais tias tag nrho cov valence ntawm cov pa roj carbon tibneeg hu tauj coob, thiab nws yuav tsis muab nws tus kheej mus rau lwm cov atoms. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias lub C ₂ H ₆ - Tus Neeg Sawv Cev nyeem hydrocarbons, covalent daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv lub molecule, cov dawb electrons muaj yog li ntawd tsuas tau rau ethane hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab r Oren.

Cov yam ntxwv mis ntawm lub substance kuj qhia tej pab pawg ntawm cov carbohydrates: alkyl pab pawg neeg - los ntawm alcohols, aldehyde - los ntawm aldehydes benzene nucleus - lub uas muaj ntxhiab tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm schematic dluab yooj yim "pom" los ntawm qhov kuaj ntawm cov yam ntxwv bonds uas hydrocarbons - ib covalent daim ntawv cog lus. Unsaturated: ethylene - ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus, diene - ob tug ob bonds, triple - acetylene.

Lub Khoos Loos Tsev mis Fructose yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm spatial isomerism. Qhov no carbohydrate muaj tib lub zoo thiab ntau pes tsawg leeg li qabzib. Cov tshuaj los nyob rau hauv ob peb cov ntaub ntawv. Los ntawm cov duab mis fructose nws yuav pom tias nws muaj ib tug ketone thiab ib tug hydroxy pab pawg neeg, i.e., Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw muaj ib tug "dual" thaj chaw ntawm alcohols thiab ketones. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no mis tso cai rau peb kom peb tsim kom muaj hais tias cov ketonospirt ua residue thiab cyclic-zib thiab pentose suab thaj (fructose).

Yog li, lub yam ntxwv mis ntawm - ib tug graphical sawv cev ntawm ib yam khoom los ntawm cov uas paub cov chaw ntawm cov atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule raws li nyob rau hauv lub hom kev sib txuas lus thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv.