Potash - ib tug ... Formula thiab daim ntawv thov ntawm potash

Potash - yog kev lub npe ntawm ib yam khoom uas chemists hu poov tshuaj carbonate. Qhov no ntsev yog lub npe hu mus rau cov neeg txij ancient sij hawm, raws li nws yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntoo tshauv. Yav tas los, lo lus no yog xa mus rau lub qhuav residue tom qab evaporation ntawm cov combustion cog tshuaj. Yog li ntawd, dab tsi yog tam sim no paub txog poov tshuaj?

mis

Lwm lub npe rau qhov no substance - potash. Thiab nws tshuaj mis yog sau raws li - K ₂ CO _3. Nws nruab nrab yog qhov nruab nrab poov tshuaj ntsev thiab carbonic acid. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub potash daws yog tsis acidic los yog yooj yim, nws yog nruab nrab. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nws twb tsis meej pem nrog ci dej qab zib - NaHCO _3.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations thiab kawm

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, peb tsis paub tseeb uas yog tus thawj potash, raws li nws twb paub nyob rau hauv ancient Greece thiab Rome. Ces nws twb zoo tu qab tso los ntawm lub ashes thiab siv tau rau ntxuav. Nws yog xav paub hais tias rau ib ntev lub sij hawm nws twb tsis meej pem nrog lwm yam khoom uas - poov tshuaj bicarbonate. Cov paub ci dej qab zib, potash - ua ke lawv twb hu ua cia li alkaline los yog alkaline ntsev. Paub qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv pib nyob rau hauv lub XVIII-XIX centuries. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nws tau los ua lub npe hu nyob rau hauv 1759, thaum Andreas Marggraf pom tias dej qab zib yog ib qho alkaline pob zeb hauv av, thaum poov tshuaj - nroj tsuag. Nyob rau hauv 1807, Gemfri Devi tsim cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm txhua tus ntawm cov tshuaj.

Tus thawj mention ntawm zus tau tej cov potash xa mus rau lub XIV caug xyoo. Qhov loj tshaj plaws tuam txhab uas muag nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab lub Scandinavian lub teb chaws. Poov tshuaj carbonate twb siv nyob rau hauv xab npum factories, daim ntaub lag luam, dyeing nroj tsuag. Nyob rau hauv lub XV xyoo pua nyob rau hauv cov kev sib tw xws li Russia. Ua ntej ntawd faib potash los ntawm cov ntoo tshauv tsis paub yuav ua li cas, tab sis tsuas yog exported cov khoom ntawm combustion nrog, piv txwv li, bellows. Khob kev lag luam ob nyob rau hauv Russia thiab txawv teb chaws no kuj yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem no. Thov loj hlob, thiab loj hlob, thiab muaj kev rau nws.

Los ntawm txoj kev, lub npe "potash" - nws yog ib tug hint txoj kev nws cov nyob rau hauv antiquity. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv Latin nws suab zoo li potassa, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog ib tug fusion ntawm cov lus "tshauv" thiab "lauj kaub".

Tshuaj thiab lub zog

Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm thwmsim nrog no yeeb tshuaj, zaum tau txais cov lus qhia txog cov no los yog lwm yam qualities xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv nws. Niaj hnub no peb paub hais tias, nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob, ntshiab potash - ib tug khoom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kob uas muaju los yog ib tug dawb hmoov. Nws ceev - 2,43 g / cm ^3. poov tshuaj carbonate Melting Kub - 891 degrees Celsius. Nws muaj hygroscopicity.

Qhov no tshuaj tsis yog ib qho tawg los yog hluav taws kub teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog noo daim tawv nqaij los yog qog ua kua membrane irritant. Yog li, nws belongs rau lub thib peb hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm kev txaus ntshai.

Hom thiab cov ntaub ntawv

Nws muaj ob hom ntawm potash: calcined thiab polutoravodny. Rau hauv sib piv, lub thib ob, cov thawj daim ntawv muaj tsis muaj dej - thaum lub sij hawm calcining nws suab thiab tshem tawm organic tshuaj, uas ua nyob rau hauv ib tug tov ntawm poov tshuaj carbonate ntawm no hom yuav kiag li tsis muaj kob.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov txim hluav taws xob yog los ntawm poov tshuaj thiab ntau yam emit tsuas yog peb. Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov khoom muag kawg nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm impurities xws li hlau, txhuas, chlorides, sodium thiab sulfates. Tsis tas li ntawd coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum muab ib tug kawm qib loj feem ntawm lub precipitated sludge nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab cov poob rau tiv cav tseb.

extraction

Txawm hais tias kev siv ntawm potash yog tsis nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug loj heev scale, raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog ci dej qab zib, nws yog tseem nquag siv los ntawm tus neeg. Tab sis saum toj no tag nrho nws xav tau kev pab kom tau. Nyob rau hauv me me qhov ntau nws yuav ua tau txawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev.

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov koj yuav tsum tau lawv txhais tes rau qhov tshauv ntawm tsob nroj keeb kwm. Ces nws yog tsim nyog los yaj nws nyob rau hauv ib qhov nqi ntawm dej kub, kom huv si do thiab tos tej lub sij hawm. Tom ntej no, yuav pib qhuav potash tov nrog ib tug sib tov ntawm cov organic tshuaj uas ua rau nag lossis daus ntawm muaju. Lawm, poov tshuaj carbonate, xaiv nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo li yam, yuav muaj siab zoo, thiab kev siv loj heev piv rau tus nqi. Yog li ntawd, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau ib tug muaj scale txhua yam sib txawv.

Yog li, ib tug aqueous poov tshuaj carbonate tov yog reacted nrog CO _2, uas ua rau yus mus rau tsim ntawm KHCO _3. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, yog rhuab, thiab muaj yog dej thiab carbon dioxide feem nyob rau hauv lub qhov seem - pib potash.

Muaj ntau txoj kev uas tau cov khoom siv no, tab sis qhov nyuaj thiab feem ntau zoo yog cov neeg piav ua ntej lawm.

ua

Raws li twb tau hais, muaj ob hom ntawm potash - calcined thiab polutoravodny. Yuav ua li cas, ces, poov tshuaj carbonate ua tshwm sim rau ib tug los yog lwm hom?

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lawv txawm sib txawv lub mis. Polutoravodny zoo li: K ₂ CO ₃ + 1,5H ₂ O, i.e. nws muaj dej chiv. Txawm li cas los, nws yog txawm ntau dua li ib txwm hygroscopic. Los ntawm daim ntawv no yuav tsum npaj kom txhij thiab anhydrous daim ntawv - hmoov yog sufficiently rhuab mus 130-160 degrees Celsius.

Calcined daim ntawv tau nyob rau hauv lub ua ntawm poov tshuaj carbonate, tau los ntawm evaporation ntawm tshauv daws nyob rau hauv cov ntoo vats. Qhov no tshuaj tsis huv heev, li ntawd nws yuav tsum yog calcined los yog calcined. Tom qab ib tug ntawm cov txheej txheem, poov tshuaj carbonate dawb hmoov yog tau, thiab nws cov tshuaj yog - tag tsis muaj kob. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis muaj dej.

kev siv cov

Nws tau ntev lawm thiab tseem poov tshuaj carbonate nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv siv rau nyob rau hauv ntau industries, thiab nrog rau feem ntau sib txawv cov hom phiaj. Piv txwv li, nws zoo kawg nkaus muaj peev xwm mus tsham no tseem siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua xab npum thiab lwm yam tsev neeg tshuaj.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, potash - dej ntsuab additive rau lub mortar. Raws li xws li, nws tso cai rau mixtures tau ntau resistant kom txias, uas ua rau nws tau mus ntxiv los tsim kom tau txawm nyob rau hauv haum uas tsis muaj peevxwm. Nws tseem ceeb kom zoo dua li cov khoom yog hais tias nws tsis ua rau xeb lug, raws li zoo raws li lub tsim ntawm efflorescence, uas yuav cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntawm cov qauv.

Tseem poov tshuaj carbonate siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua uas siv lead ua iav, thiab rau high-zoo optics. Hloov nws nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem no tsis muaj. Tsis yog muaj tej analogues ntawm no yeeb tshuaj, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua refractory iav.

Feem ntau potash - ib cov xim tivthaiv nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj kev lag luam nws yog siv los nqus hydrogen sulfide los ntawm cov pa roj mixtures - nrog rau qhov no nws copes zoo npaum li cas tshaj dej qab zib. Muaj nws thiab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub lag luam kws: poov tshuaj carbonate yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib co tshua, thiab nyob rau hauv ib txhia qhov chaw tshwm sim raws li ib tug sab nyhuv. Lwm cheeb tsam ntawm daim ntawv thov - hluav taws deal. Tias qhov no yam khoom uas yog kho ntoo lug, li no kom lawv hluav taws kuj.

Nws yog tsab, tab sis potash - nws kuj yog ib tug khoom noj khoom haus additive. Nws code - E501 li hais tias nws belongs rau ib chav kawm ntawv ntawm E. Rau ib tug thaum nws tau siv nyob rau hauv lub confectionery ua lag ua luam, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua gingerbread. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb kev lag luam, qhov no tshuaj yog tseem muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tanning.

Thaum kawg, lub siab zeem muag ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm potash nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov tshuaj dawb poov tshuaj chiv. Tshauv li siv nyob rau hauv no ntev dhau los, tab sis nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no xyoo lawm, nws hloov lub hnav khaub ncaws muaj ntau lawm. Tej zaum nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze yav tom ntej rau txoj kev yuav tsum muaj ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug loj scale, tau ntev tau paub thiab yog tsawg teeb meem thaum piv nrog mineral chiv thov hnub no.

lwm nta

Raws li potash - yog cov tsis tshua hygroscopic yeeb tshuaj, nws ntim, cia thiab kev thauj mus los yog nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob. Feem ntau, lub tsib-txheej hnab siv rau lub ntim ntawm poov tshuaj carbonate. Tib txoj kev kom tsis txhob pliaj ingress ntawm cov dej mus rau qhov no substance.

Tsis tas li ntawd, kuj ceeb tias, txawm lub zoo meej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog H ₂ O, poov tshuaj carbonate yog kiag li yaj nrog acetone thiab ethanol.