Yuav ua li cas yog muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons: Formula zog

Xav txog uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons. Cov mis ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm no homologous series - SpN2p-6.

chav kawm ntawv nta

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thib kaum cuaj xyoo pua los ntawm Faraday sab benzene - C6H6. Piv nrog rau nyeem hydrocarbons, lub yam ntxwv qauv ntawm uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons uas hais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov loops. Muab hais tias nyob rau hauv lub molecule muaj ib tug tsis txaus tus nqi ntawm hydrogen, lub uas muaj ntxhiab nplhaib yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub nplhaib.

Yuav ua li cas mus hlawv uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons? Cov mis npaj los ntawm Kekule, piav txog cov qauv ntawm cov hoob kawm no ntawm hydrocarbons. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ob bonds muaj tseeb nrog qhov uas muaj ntxhiab xwm ntawm benzene thiab nws homologs.

tshuaj zog

Cov kev mis ntawm uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons presupposes lub hav zoov ntawm tag nrho cov tebchaw ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntxiv tshua: hydrogenation, halogenation, co. Cov kev tshwm sim heev heev thwmsim pom me ntsis benzene tshuaj ua si.

Nws exhibits nce kuj mus oxidation, nws muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm kev twb kev txuas nrog cov ultraviolet tawg los yog ib tug txhawb kub.

Nta ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov benzene

Lub molecular mis ntawm uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbon - C6H6. Tag nrho cov carbon atoms yog nyob rau hauv cp2-hybrid lub xeev, cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv ib tug dav hlau. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog ib tug uas tsis yog-hybrid C atom, uas yog tag nrho rau hauv ib qho electron huab uas tso lawv mus rau lub dav hlau ntawm lub nplhaib. Qhov no nplhaib system yog conjugated p-bonds thiab txiav txim seb tus tshuaj benzene passivity.

American Tshuaj Pauling npaj benzene ntshai li ob interconnected lug uas txawv nrhiav electron ceev, dua txhua lwm yam.

Nomenclature thiab isomerism

Yuav ua li cas yuav koj hu aromatics? Cov mis ntawm lub tebchaw uas yuav mus rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons, yuav tsum yoog mus rau lub tswv yim molecular qauv. Qhov yooj yim homologue ntawm benzene yog toluene. Qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm nws thiab qhov nyuaj uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbon yog CH2.

Thaum lub npe ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv raws li ib lub hauv paus rau kev noj benzene. Lub numbering ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug clockwise kev taw qhia, pib los ntawm cov laus los tus hluas deputy. Txawm (2 thiab 6) nrhiav tau qhov chaw ntawm lub ortho-txaus qhia, thiab 3 thiab 5 (khib) meta embodiments.

Characterization ntawm lub cev muaj zog

Yuav ua li cas lub cev tus yam ntxwv yog: muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons, uas sib raug rau cov hoob kawm mis SpN2p-6?

Benzene thiab nws homologues los nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob yog tshuaj lom kua muaj ib tug yam ntxwv tsis kaj siab tsw. Rau tag nrho cov arena yog yus muaj los ntawm cov uas tsis muaj solubility nyob rau hauv cov dej. Nyob rau hauv unlimited nqi, lawv yog soluble nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents.

cov kev xaiv uas rau

Nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj embodiment khoom benzene thiab lwm yam cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons, ib tug yuav xav txog ua ntawm thee ib los yog roj av. Ib tug hluavtaws version ntawm qhov tau txais tsab ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov hoob kawm no yog li nram qab no variants:

• Cleavage los ntawm cycloparaffins hydrogen molecules (qhuav dej);
• aromatization ntawm nyeem hydrocarbons (alkanes).

Ob leeg txoj kev npaj nyob rau hauv lub hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm tebchaw ntawm uas muaj ntxhiab embodiment, koom nrog txoj kev siv cov kub thiab catalyst.

Ntawm cov ntau txoj kev tau kuaj arenes muaj tej zaum yuav hais Wurtz synthesis. Nws yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm ib tug halogenated alkane nrog nws yog xim hlau sodium.

Nta homologues ntawm benzene

Toluene, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug methyl pab pawg neeg yog tam sim no, yuav nkag mus rau hauv tshuaj tshua tshaj benzene. Txij li thaum CH3 orientant thawj zoo yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub substituents yuav taw qhia kom paub ortho (txawm) txoj haujlwm. Toluene muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm halogenation (chlorination, bromination, iodination), thiab nitration.

xaus

Tag nrho cov uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons coj mus rau cov kev mis SpN2p-6. Thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm huab cua oxygen tso txaus kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm hmoov quav uas yog yooj yim piav qhia los ntawm muaj zog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon nyob rau hauv nws.