Keeb kwm qauv sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm cov lus

Qauv sau ntawv yog tej zaum ib tug ntawm cov thawj nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm science, nws cov hauv paus pw nyob rau hauv ancient Indian writings philologists. Qhov no lub sij hawm twb siv nyob rau hauv ancient Greece nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev qhuab qhia uas kawm cov kev cai ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab nyeem ntawv. Nws yog los ntawm cov ob sawv nws muaj nws lub hauv paus pib raws li ib tug European, thiab Lavxias teb sab qauv sau ntawv.

Qauv sau ntawv - seem lug

Keeb kwm qauv sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus - qhov no subsection ntau cov qauv sau ntawv, tug kawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb uas yog teksto- thiab lo lus tsim, piv txwv li lub formal nam ntawm cov lus. Raws li twb tshwm los ntawm lub npe, qhov no yog qhov seem ntawm lug, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov kev siv cov lus nyob rau hauv kev hais lus thiab kev sau ntawv. Li no, xws derivatives yog lus xws li "competent" and "charter" uas semantically muaj feem xyuam rau tsab ntawv, lo lus.

Qauv sau ntawv tsim kev sib txuas ntawm lus thiab hais lus theem, thiab regulates lub tsim ntawm cov lo lus thiab cov lus constructs. Nws kawm lub formal nam cov lus - nws sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus kwv uas nws cov kev tshawb fawb mas nws txawv ntawm morpheme (qhov tsawg tshaj plaws muaj nuj nqis tsev ntawm hom lus) thiab cov ntawv nyeem (qhov loj tshaj plaws ywj siab yog ib feem ntawm cov lus system).

Feem ntau, ib tug qauv sau ntawv muaj xws li ob seem lug: lub morphology thiab syntax. Tus thawj cov kev tshawb fawb lo lus nyob rau hauv nws cov grammatical kev txiav txim zoo, qhov thib ob - qhov kev siv ntawm cov lus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, orthoepy, cov lo lus, phonetics, graphics, spelling ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus yog zoo txog rau tus qauv sau ntawv, xws li lub keeb kwm.

Txoj kev sib sau ntawm grammatical thiab lexical

Tsis txhob hnov qab txog lub inseparable kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus, daim ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nqe lus. Tej zaum cov lexical ntsiab lus ib lo lus txiav txim nws grammatical nta, tej zaum - nyob rau tsis tooj.

Rau keeb kwm sau ntawv uas tsis muaj me me tseem ceeb yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lo lus thiab cov txheej txheem. Piv txwv li, idioms yog tsim los ntawm ib tug txheej txheem lexicalized: grammatical daim ntawv yog tsau nyob rau hauv cov lus raws li nyias muaj nyias ib invariable thiab tseem ceeb lexical unit. Grammaticalization, on qhov tsis tooj, neeg pab leg ntaubntawv lo lus raws li ib tug grammatical qhov taw qhia, nws mus rau hauv txhais lus rau hauv qeb ntawm affixes thiab koom haum pab lus.

Piv txwv ntawm ambiguous cov lus nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus raws li ib tug rau txim ntawm tus sis ntawm cov keeb kwm kev cai sau ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus. Tsis nco ntsoov lo lus tshiab nyob rau hauv cov lus no yog tsim los ntawm incrementing units: nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg yuav ua obsolete ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus thiab yuav ib tug tshiab los yog ntxiv tus nqi.

Nrog rau qhov kev kawm ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm cov lus yog hloov, nws ordering system ntsiab - qhov system yuav dlaim phaj thiab yooj yim dua. Txawm li cas los, to taub qhov no, koj yuav tsum muaj kev to taub ntawm lub keeb kwm kev siv uas tau tshwm sim thiab yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov lus.

Lub hauv paus pib ntawm cov keeb kwm cov qauv sau ntawv

Keeb kwm qauv sau ntawv ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus, thiab nyob rau hauv kev tag nrho Lavxias teb sab qauv sau ntawv nws muaj nws keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub ntawmv ntawm Mihaila Vasilevicha Lomonosova soj ntsuam nrog Lavxias teb sab lus ntawm kinship nrog rau lwm cov Slavic thiab European lus. tus paub txog Hais Plaub pom zoo tus qauv sau ntawv raws li ib tug scientific kev qhuab qhia. Nws flourished nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua thiab yog txuam nrog xws li npe raws li Aleksandr Hristoforovich Vostokov, Izmail Ivanovich Sreznevsky thiab Fodor Ivanovich Buslaev.

"Keeb kwm qauv sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus" Valeriya Vasilevicha Ivanova - qhov no yog tam sim no theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lus science. Nws phau ntawv twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub 80s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, thiab hnub no yog xam tias yog qhov authoritative daim ntawv qhia rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm philological faculties.

kev kawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb no

Tam sim no cov keeb kwm cov qauv sau ntawv - qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov seem lug, uas qhia txog cov kev cai ntawm cov keeb kwm kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov lus nyob rau theem ntawm cov suab thiab cov lus, thiab nyob rau theem ntawm txoj syntax. Ntxiv mus, cov kev txaus siab ntawm science thiab sau ntawv thiab hais (lub suab hais lus) hais lus. Last txawm mus rau ib tug ntau dua twg contributed rau qhov kev siv ntawm cov lus system.

Cov saum toj no-hais V. V. Ivanov qhia txog hais tias keeb kwm qauv sau ntawv qhia tau txog ib dynamic kev thaum lub sij hawm pom ntawm cov lus system. Language npaj los ntawm nws tus kheej cov cai thiab cov internal cai ntawm tus neeg seem (phonology, syntax, morphology, thiab lwm tus).

Cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus F.I.Buslaeva

Txij li thaum lub keeb kwm qauv sau ntawv - kawm tau kawm hauv high school, nws yog muaj nqis mentioning lub ntsiab hauj lwm thiab cov phau ntawv rau cov kawm.

"Keeb kwm qauv sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus" Fedor Ivanovich Buslaev yog ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau lub tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no lub npe. By thiab loj, nws yog ib tug pioneer ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov comparative linguistics. Innovation mus kom ze yog tias tus sau piav nyob rau hauv lub kawm lus ntawm transformation, nqus ntawm lwm yam kev hom lus. Nws yog vim hais tias ntawm lub merger ntawm ancient, qub Slavonic thiab lwm yam Slavic lus tsim lub neej tshiab nimno txawj sib npaug.

Tus sau tsis tau tsuas yog ua qauv ntawm lub grammatical qauv ntawm cov lus, tab sis thov lawv ua nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov lo lus. Rau Buslaeva keeb kwm ntawm cov lus yog ib lub cuab tam nyob rau hauv lub sim kom to taub txog qhov tshwm sim, uas yog paub los ntawm niaj hnub linguistics zam.

Ivanov. Keeb kwm qauv sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus

Labor Buslaeva xaus lus nyob rau hauv ob qhov chaw: cov thawj devoted mus rau lub suab thiab lo lus, uas yog, lub morphology, lub thib ob - tus syntax. Yog li ntawd, tus xov tooj ntawm qhov chaw ntawm phau ntawv sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub xov tooj ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv txog tej yam.

Ib tug txawv qauv muaj ib tug kev pab ntawm lub Soviet linguist V. V. Ivanova, tsim los rau cov menyuam kawm-philologists. Sau nyias xaiv cov keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab lus thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws cov sis raug zoo nrog cov uas muaj feem Slavic lus. Phau ntawv nyeem ib co kua nplaum rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm qhov sib txawv tsuas hais cov lus - pib nrog lub suab thiab xaus syntax. Nyias qhia tau hais tias lub keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm txhua tus ntawm qhov chaw hais lus.

Keeb kwm qauv sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus rau cov tub ntxhais kawm

Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus tsev kawm ntawv tsis muab ntoos rau kawm keeb kwm sau ntawv: kev pab cuam tsom rua lub kev loj hlob ntawm niaj hnub txawj hais lus, es tsis muaj kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los, lub Lavxias teb sab lus nrog xws li ib txoj kev dhau mus ua ib tug boring kev kawm, uas nws lub ntsiab lub hom phiaj yog Cramming kev cai thiab kev sib txawv paradigms. Yuav ua li cas npaum li cas yooj yim thiab dlaim phaj lus yuav, yog mus qhia nws lawm! Nws yuav tsum tau to taub hais tias cov lus - qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug khov pob thiab lossi hloov system: nws muaj sia nyob thiab muaj xws li ib tug sia.

Muaj ntau txoj kev uas muaj xws li keeb kwm sau ntawv lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus. Ua ntej, nws yog rau kev ib tug neeg qhia mob siab rau lub ntsiab lus. Ob, historicism hauv paus ntsiab lus yuav nrog tej zaj lus qhia cov hoob kawm raws li ib tug ntxiv khoom mus rau qhov kev pab cuam. Piv txwv ntawm ambiguous lus nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog phonetics thiab alternating ntawv niam - no thiab ntau lwm yam yuav ntau dlaim phaj thaum piav lawv kev koom tes nrog cov uas nrhiav tau thiab cov tswvyim ntawm cov keeb kwm kev cai sau ntawv.

Tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov ntaub ntawv thaum kawg ua tsis tau tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm cov lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tau txais muaj cuab kav nrog monuments ntawm Qub Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, "Lay" tsis yog tsuas yog tej uas dhau caij nyoog thiab obscure lus nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawv nyeem, tab sis kuj lub npe yuav tsum tau ib daim keeb kwm tawm tswv yim.

Cov tsim nyog ntawm cov keeb kwm kev cai sau ntawv

Paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov keeb kwm cov qauv sau ntawv tso cai rau ib tug muaj nqi dua mus kom ze rau kev kawm yam lus. Ntxiv mus, nws yuav txawm ntau ntshiab thaum nyeem ntawv schemes thiab paradigms mus sawv cev rau nws. Yuav kom sau thiab hais lus kom raug, tsis tas rau kawm tau ntau yam ntawm cov kev cai thiab kev zam los ntawm lub plawv - keeb kwm sau ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus koj to taub yuav pab cov zajlus kom dab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws.