Biopolymers - yog ... tsob nroj polymers

Ib tug lossis loj ntau yam sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj xwm ntawm lub tebchaw twb tau coj los ua ke tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj. Txawm li cas los, tseem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb rau lub neej ntawm tag nrho cov nyob systems tau thiab yuav nyob twj ywm raws nraim tej yam ntuj tso, tej yam ntuj tso tshuaj. Hais tias yog, molecules uas muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv txhiab ntawm biochemical kev tig cev nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lawv tej hauj lwm.

Feem coob ntawm lawv belongs rau ib pab pawg neeg uas muaj lub npe "lom polymers."

Cov kev xav ntawm biopolymers

Tus thawj tshaj plaws hais tias tag nrho cov kev sib txuas - High, muaj loj, xeeb tsheej lab ntawm cov Daltons. Cov tshuaj - tsiaj thiab zaub polymers, uas ua si ib decisive luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub hlwb thiab lawv lug, muab metabolism, photosynthesis, kev ua pa, khoom noj khoom haus thiab tag nrho lwm yam tseem ceeb heev functions ntawm tej sia.

Overestimate qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tej tebchaw nyuaj. Biopolymers - yog tej yam ntuj tso tshuaj ntawm tej yam ntuj tso keeb kwm, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob thiab yog lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Yuav ua li cas xyov yog lub kev twb kev txuas lawv muaj xws li?

cell biopolymers

Ib tug ntau ntawm lawv. Yog li, qhov loj biopolymers yog cov nram qab no:

• proteins;
• polysaccharides;
• nucleic acids (DNA thiab RNA).

Dhau li no, ntawm no nws yog ua tau rau muaj ntau mixed polymers uas tsim los ntawm ob peb ua ke ntawm twb tau teev tseg. Piv txwv li, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, glycoproteins thiab lwm tus neeg.

Common zog

Muaj ntau ntau yam uas yog tshwm sim rau txhua lub lwg me me nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug. Piv txwv li, tej yam nram no thaj chaw ntawm biopolymers:

• loj molecular yuag vim tus tsim ntawm loj macrochains nrog ramifications nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj qauv;
• hom linkages nyob rau hauv macromolecules (hydrogen, ionic kev sib tshuam, electrostatic attraction, disulfide linkages, peptide bonds, thiab lwm yam);
• lub yam ntxwv chav tsev ntawm txhua Circuit Court - monomeric tsev;
• stereoregularity los yog nws qhaj ntawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov saw hlau.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, tag nrho cov ntawm biopolymers yog tseem ntau sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab cov kev khiav dej num, es zoo sib xws.

cov nqaijrog

Ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm tag nrho cov nyob quavntsej yog protein molecules. Tej biopolymers - yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub biomass. Tom qab tag nrho, txawm nyob rau lub hom phiaj ntawm Oparin-Haldane lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj teb originated los ntawm lub coacervate mob, uas yog lub protein.

Tus qauv ntawm cov tshuaj no yuav nruj regularity nyob rau hauv cov qauv. Lub hauv paus ntawm txhua protein comprise amino acid residues uas muaj peev xwm txuas nrog txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv ib tug infinite saw ntev. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm txoj kev ua ib tug tshwj xeeb kev sib raug zoo - peptide. Xws li ib tug daim ntawv cog lus yog tsim ntawm lub plaub hais: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen thiab hydrogen.

Tus qauv ntawm cov protein molecule yuav muaj xws li ib tug ntau ntawm cov amino acid residues li cov qub los yog sib txawv (ib tug ob peb kaum ntawm txhiab los yog ntau tshaj). Tag nrho cov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov amino acid hom tebchaw, muaj 20. Txawm li cas los, lawv muaj ntau yam ob peb ua ke tso cai rau lub protein nyob ruaj khov nyob rau hauv kom muaj nuj nqis thiab hom muaj pes tsawg leeg.

cov nqaijrog, biopolymers muaj ntau spatial conformation. Piv txwv li, ib tug neeg sawv cev tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov thawj, theem nrab, tertiary los yog quaternary qauv.

Cov feem ntau yooj yim thiab linear ib - thawj. Nws yog tsuas tus xov tooj ntawm cov amino acid sequences koom ua ke.

Secondary conformation muaj ib tug ntau cov qauv, txij li thaum tag nrho cov protein macrochains lub helical pib, txoj kev coils. Ob tug nyob ze macrostructures yog muaj nyob rau tom ntej no mus rau txhua lwm yam vim lub hydrogen thiab covalent kev sib tshuam ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov atoms. Paub qhov txawv alpha thiab beta helix theem nrab qauv ntawm proteins.

Tertiary qauv yog ib tug coiled kauj nyob rau hauv ib tug macromolecule (polypeptide saw) protein. Heev complex network ntawm kev sib tshuam nyob rau hauv lub globule no tso cai rau nws mus yuav txaus ruaj khov thiab kom tus tau txais daim ntawv.

Quaternary conformation - yog ntau polypeptide chains thiab coiled spirally swirled kauj uas li no kuj ua ke tsim ntau yam kev mus los ntawm ntau yam hom. Lub tshaj txoj globular qauv.

Lub zog ntawm cov protein molecules

1. Tsheb thauj mus los. Nws yog nqa tawm ib feem ntawm cov ntshav membrane cov nqaijrog hlwb. Lawv tsim ion raws, uas muaj peev xwm ua dhau tej molecules. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau yam cov nqaijrog yog ib feem ntawm lub zog ntawm organelles ntawm protozoa thiab cov kab mob, yog li ntawd, yog ncaj qha mus muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lawv lub zog.
2. Lub zog muaj nuj nqi yog tua cov ntaub ntawv yog heev kom nquag plias molecules. Ib gram ntawm cov protein nyob rau hauv metabolism muab 17,6 kJ. Yog li ntawd, kev noj ntawm nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj cov khoom uas muaj cov tebchaw, nws yog tseem ceeb heev rau muaj sia nyob.
3. Siv cov kev faib feature yog kev koom tes los ntawm cov protein molecules nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov cellular lug ntawm lub hlwb lawv tus kheej, ntaub so ntswg, kabmob, thiab hais txog. Zoo tej cell no yeej tsim los ntawm cov molecules (cytoplasm cytoskeleton, ntshav membrane, ribosome, mitochondria thiab lwm yam kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov protein ntau tebchaw).
4. Lub catalytic muaj nuj nqi yog nqa tawm los ntawm enzymes, uas, los ntawm lawv cov tshuaj xwm, tsis muaj dab tsi zoo li proteins. Tsis muaj enzymes yuav tsis yooj yim sua feem ntau ntawm cov biochemical kev tig cev nyob rau hauv lub cev, txij thaum lawv yog - lom catalysts nyob rau hauv nyob systems.
5. Receptor (kuj co tes), cov nuj nqi pab lub hlwb los next thiab teb rau tej kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam, ob qho tib si txhua yam thiab tshuaj.

Yog hais tias lub protein nyob rau hauv lo lus nug nyob rau hauv ntau dua tob, nws tseem tau mus faib ib co ntau theem nrab zog. Txawm li cas los, uas teev tseg yog yooj yim.

nucleic acids

Tej biopolymers - yog ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm txhua txhua cell, seb prokaryotic los yog eukaryotic nws. Tom qab tag nrho, nucleic acids muaj xws li DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) thiab RNA (ribonucleic acid), txhua tus uas yog ib tug heev tseem ceeb rau nyob beings.

Los ntawm lawv tshuaj xwm ntawm DNA thiab RNA ib theem zuj zus yog nucleotides txuas los ntawm hydrogen bonds thiab cov phosphate choj. Muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj DNA nucleotides xws li:

• adenine;
• thymine;
• guanine;
• cytosine;
• pyatiuglerodisty qab zib deoxyribose.

RNA yog yus nyob rau hauv uas thymine yog hloov nrog uracil, thiab lub qab zib - ribose.

Vim qhov tshwj xeeb cov yam ntxwv lub koom haum ntawm lub DNA qauv tau ua ib tug xov tooj ntawm vitally tseem ceeb functions. RNA kuj plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cell.

Zog xws acids

Nucleic acids - biopolymers uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov nram qab no functions:

1. DNA yog neeg xwb thiab transmitter ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub hlwb uas muaj sia nyob. Nyob rau hauv prokaryotes, lub molecule yog faib nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Lub eukaryotic cell yog hauv lub noob pob kws cais karyotheca.
2. Muab ob npaug rau tso tseg DNA molecule yog muab faib mus rau hauv khej - lub noob uas ua li cov qauv ntawm cov chromosome. Noob ntawm txhua yog ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv ib tug kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic code nyob rau hauv uas tag nrho cov cim encrypted kab mob.
3. RNA yog ntawm peb cov hom - matrix, ribosomal thiab thauj. Ribosomal muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub synthesis thiab los ua ke ntawm cov protein molecules rau lub duas paub lug. Matrix thiab conveyance ntaub ntawv nyeem los ntawm cov DNA thiab decipher nws lom lub ntsiab lus.

polysaccharides

Cov tebchaw - feem ntau yog zaub polymers, uas yog, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm muaj. Nws yog tshwj xeeb yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv polysaccharides ntawm lub cell phab ntsa, uas muaj cellulose.

Los ntawm lawv tshuaj xwm, polysaccharides - ib tug macromolecule complex qauv ntawm carbohydrates. Yuav linear, fawm kib crosslinked conformations. Monomers yog lub tsib yooj yim, feem ntau rau-carbon qab zib - ribose, qabzib, fructose. Yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau nyob beings, txij li thaum ib feem ntawm lub hlwb yog cog as cia yog cleaved tso tawm loj nyiaj ntawm lub zog.

Tseem ceeb ntawm ntau cov neeg sawv cev

Heev tseem ceeb lom polymers xws li starch, cellulose, inulin, glycogen, chitin thiab lwm tus neeg. Hais tias lawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhov chaw ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob.

Yog li, cellulose - ib tug yuav tsum tivthaiv ntawm cog ntawm tes phab ntsa ntawm tej yam kab mob. Nws muab lub dag lub zog, ib tug tej yam zoo lawm. Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, ib tug txiv neej siv mus rau lub zus tau tej cov ntawv, ntawm acetate fibers.

Starch - Spare as nroj tsuag, uas yog tseem ib tug tseem ceeb khoom noj khoom haus cov khoom rau cov tib neeg thiab tej tsiaj txhu.

Glycogen, los sis cov tsiaj rog, - cia as-ham rau cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Nws ua cov kev ua ntawm thermal rwb thaiv tsev, lub zog qhov twg los, cov neeg kho tshuab kev tiv thaiv.

Mixed biopolymers nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm nyob quavntsej

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau cov neeg uas peb tau kawm, muaj ntau ntau yam ob peb ua ke ntawm high-molecular tebchaw. Tej biopolymers - ib tug tov complex qauv ntawm cov nqaijrog thiab lipids (lipoprotein) los yog ntawm polysaccharides thiab proteins (glycoproteins). ib tug ua ke ntawm lipids thiab polysaccharides (lipopolysaccharides) yog tseem tau.

Txhua yam ntawm cov biopolymers muaj ntau yam uas ua nyob rau hauv nyob beings ib tug xov tooj ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb functions: thauj, signaling, receptor, ntxawg, enzymatic, kev tsim kho thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Lawv cov qauv yog sib heev thiab tsis yog tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev decrypted, li ntawd, cov nuj nqi yog tsis txhais. Tam sim no, nws yog lub npe hu rau cov feem ntau, tab sis ntau npaum li cas ntawm qhov seem ntawm rau ib thaj tsam ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse.