Lithospheric daim hlau: lub hom phiaj ntawm lithospheric daim hlau

Lub hom phiaj ntawm lithospheric daim hlau - ib qho ntawm feem nthuav nyob rau hauv thaj science. Hypothesis mobilism (txwv tsis pub - continental drift), ib zaug tsis nco qab lawm, yog tam sim no revived dua, ua tsaug rau lub foundations ntawm magnetic anomalies tug nrog alternating tej yam tshwm sim, uas yog symmetrical nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv ridges (lawv axes), cov thawj magnetization, raws li zoo raws li cov kev hloov thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub magnetic ncej txoj hauj lwm.

Ua qhia txog cov notion ntawm expansion ntawm lub hiav txwv pem teb raws axes ntawm nruab nrab-Oceanic ridges rau peripheral chaw tau raug tau nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb, raws li zoo raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm sib sib zog nqus dej drilling. Txiav txim siab pab cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm continental drift (mobilism) ua seismologists. Los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb, nws twb tau hais tus txheej txheem rau lub tsev ntawm seismic aav nyob lub ntiaj teb saum npoo av. Nws muab tawm hais tias cov chaw no yog kim heev, tab sis heev nqaim: lawv yog cov nyob ze rau lub ntsiab arc, raws li tus margins ntawm continents thiab nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv ridges.

Phaj tectonics

Qhov no hypothesis mobilism hu ua "Phaj tectonics". Lawv yog cov tsis heev npaum li cas - ib tug tag nrho ntawm yim loj thiab ib tug ib nrab teb me me uas sawv daws yuav. Cov yav tas yog tseem hu ua microplates. Qhov loj tshaj plaws phaj nyob rau hauv lub Pacific, nws yog ib tug nyias, yooj yim permeable Oceanic ua kiav txhab. Nyob rau hauv lub Indo-Australian, Antarctic, African, South American, North American thiab Eurasian daim hlau continental ua kiav txhab. Lithospheric daim hlau muaj ntau thaj tsam (npoo) thiab maj mam tsiv thoob plaws lub ntiaj chaw nto. Thaum lub lithospheric daim hlau diverge, cov npoo yog divergent: dispersing, phaj daim ntawv rift tsam (keej), uas tau txais lub mantle substance. Nyob rau hauv qab deg, nws hardens thiab Oceanic ua kiav txhab buildup tshwm sim. Txhua yam yog tshiab thiab cov tshiab mantle khoom noj mus rau hauv lub rift tsam, qhib nws thiab ua rau cov phiaj txav qhov twg lawv tsiv mus nyob sib nrug, tsim lub hiav txwv, thiab nws qhov ntev yog tas li loj hlob. Qhov no hom ntawm ciam teb rau lwm niaj hnub no muaj raws axes ntawm nruab nrab-Oceanic ridges thiab rift tsau tej kab nrib pleb.

Convergent thaj tsam raug tsim thaum lub crustal daim hlau sib. Yog hais tias lawv txoj kev ua txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv kev tiv tauj aav tshwm sim heev dab, cov uas muaj ob theem pib zaum faib. Cov ntawm no yog hais tias cov kev sib tsoo ntawm continental daim hlau thiab Oceanic ib tug ntawm lawv sinking mus rau hauv lub mantle, thiab nws yog nrog los ntawm tawg thiab warping. Nyob rau hauv lub sib tsoo cheeb tsam ntawm sib sib zog nqus-kom pom tseeb av qeeg tshwm sim. Tom qab hu phaj mus rau hauv lub mantle, nws yog tej melted: nws feem ntau teeb Cheebtsam tom qab melting dua sawv mus rau qhov chaw, ua volcanic eruptions. Ib tug denser Cheebtsam maj sinking mus rau hauv lub mantle, yog nws txo qis down rau tus tub ntxhais thaj tsam. Nws yog li tsim Pacific nplhaib ntawm hluav taws.

Thaum ob tug continental daim hlau ridging tshwm sim. Qhov no yuav tsum tau cai nrog icing, cov dej khov floes, thiab advancing txojkev sib, razdrablivayutsya. Thaum lub crustal daim hlau tsoo, lawv compressed, thiab loj roob lug yog tsim nyob rau hau.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm lithospheric daim hlau

Los ntawm lub xyoo thiab heev heev tswvyim, geophysics tsim nruab nrab ceev ntawm lub zog ntawm lithospheric daim hlau. Lub cheeb tsam tsim nyob rau hauv lub tsheb sib tsoo Hindustan thiab African daim hlau nrog rau cov Eurasian phaj Alpine-Himalayan siv compression tus nqi ntawm convergence yog nruab nrab ntawm 0.6 cm / yr nyob rau hauv lub Himalayas thiab Pamir thiab 0.5 cm / xyoo nyob rau hauv Gibraltar.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm lithospheric daim hlau pom tias cov teb chaws Europe txav deb ntawm North America ntawm ib tus nqi ntawm hais txog 5 cm / xyoo. Tab sis lub "sails" ntawm Antarctica los ntawm teb chaws Australia nyob txog 14 cm / xyoo. Qhov siab tshaj plaws kev ceev ntawm lub Oceanic daim hlau - lawv yog cov 4-7 lub sij hawm siab tshaj lub continental speeds. Kev ceev tshaj plaws - lub Pacific phaj thiab lub qeeb - Eurasian.