Einstein cov Nobel nqi zog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub photoelectric nyhuv

Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb science yog ib qho nyuaj mus nrhiav ib tus paub txog ntawm tib scale li Albert Einstein. Txawm li cas los, nws txoj kev mus rau lub koob meej thiab paub tsis yooj yim. Suffice nws hais tias lub Nobel nqi zog Albert Einstein tau txais tsuas yog tom qab unsuccessfully nominated rau nws ntau tshaj li 10 lub sij hawm.

Luv luv biographical ntaub ntawv

Albert Einstein twb yug los rau peb hlis ntuj 14, 1879 nyob rau hauv lub German nroog ntawm Ulm ib tug Jewish nruab nrab-chav kawm ntawv tsev neeg. Nws txiv chiv koom nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov pam pua chaw, thiab tom qab tsiv mus Munich qhib lub ruaj mus pauv hluav taws xob khoom.

Nyob rau hauv 7 xyoo Albert twb raug xa mus rau ib tug Catholic lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab ces nyob rau hauv high school, uas tam sim no Dais lub npe ntawm ib tug zoo kawg tus paub txog. Raws li nws tom thiab cov xib fwb, nws tsis qhia ntau npaum li cas txawj kawm thiab muaj cov qhab nias siab xwb nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv thiab Latin. Nyob rau hauv 1896, Einstein yog tus thib ob los nkag mus hauv lub Polytechnic ntawm Zurich nyob rau hauv cov kws qhia ntawv of Education, vim hais tias nws xav kom nws thiaj li ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug kws qhia ntawv ntawm physics. Muaj nws mob siab npaum li cas lub sij hawm rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Maxwell tus electromagnetic kev tshawb xav. Txawm hais tias tsis pom Einstein tus koj muaj peev xwm tsis muaj lawm ua tau, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev kawm tiav, tsis muaj leej twg ntawm cov xib fwb yeej tsis xav kom pom nws li nws pab. Tom qab ntawd tus paub txog uas sau hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Zurich Polytechnic nws obstructed thiab slighted rau ib qho kev ywj cim.

Thaum pib ntawm txoj kev mus rau lub ntiaj teb no koob meej

Tom qab kawm tiav rau xyoo los ntawm high school Albert Eynshteyn yuav nrhiav tsis tau ib txoj hauj lwm thiab txawm starved. Txawm li cas los, thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no nws sau thiab luam tawm nws thawj ua hauj lwm.

Nyob rau hauv 1902, lub neej yav tom ntej zoo paub txog pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Patent Office. 3 xyoos tom qab, nws luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov uas lub German magazine "annals ntawm Physics" tsab xov xwm 3, uas tau tom qab paub tias nws harbinger ntawm scientific kiv puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv lawv, nws tau qhia ntxiv txog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Relativity, yuav tsum muaj quantum kev tshawb xav ntawm uas tom qab sawv qhov photoelectric nyhuv, Einstein tus txoj kev xav, thiab nws lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub statistical piav qhia ntawm Brownian tsab ntawv tsa suab.

Lub revolutionary xwm ntawm Einstein lub tswv yim

Tag nrho 3 cov khoom ib tus paub txog, luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1905 nyob rau hauv lub "annals ntawm Physics", los ua qhov kev kawm ntawm rhuab kev sib tham lug txhawb cov miv. Tswv yim hais tias nws qhia rau cov scientific lub zej lub zos, yeej yuav tsum tau txais coj Albertu Eynshteynu lub Nobel nqi zog. Txawm li cas los, lawv tsis sai li sai tau raug lees paub tias nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv voj voog. Yog hais tias ib feem ntawm tus zaum unequivocally txhawb cov colleague, lawv pom ib tug loj pawg ntawm physicists uas, raws li experimenters, yuav tsum tau los qhia cov kev tshwm sim ntawm empirical tshawb fawb.

Lub Nobel nqi zog

Tsis ntev ua ntej qhov kev tuag ntawm tus naas ej riam phom magnate Alfred Nobel sau nws lub siab nyiam, raws li uas nws vaj tse twb pauv mus rau Tshwj xeeb Fund. Qhov no koom haum yog rau kev xaiv ntawm sib tw thiab yog hais txhua xyoo kom loj nyiaj ntsuab prizes rau cov neeg uas "conferred tus loj tshaj kev pab rau noob neej", ua ib tug tseem ceeb foundations nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm physics, Science News for KIDS, thiab tej hlab ntshav los yog cov tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, khoom plig tau muab tsub rau lub creator ntawm cov feem ntau zoo ua luaj tej hauj lwm hauv cov ntawv nyeem, raws li zoo raws li pab mus rau consolidation ntawm haiv neeg, cov yuav txo tau ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov "nce qib ntawm kev kaj siab congresses."

Nyob rau hauv nws lub siab nyiam, Nobel cais point demanded tias lub nomination ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj xws li lawv cov haiv neeg, vim hais tias lawv tsis xav kom nws cov nqi zog yog politicized.

Tus thawj lub sij hawm lub Nobel awards ceremony twb muaj nyob rau hauv 1901. Nyob rau lub xyoo caum tom ntej nws tau los ua tus winners ntawm xws zoo heev physicists li:

• Wilhelm Roentgen ;
• Hendrik Lorentz;
• Pieter Zeeman;
• Antuan Bekkerel;
• Ib Kyuri;
• Mariya Kyuri;
• John Uilyam Strett;
• Philipp Lenard;
• Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson;
• Albert Abraham Michelson;
• Gabriel Lippmann;
• Guglielmo Marconi;
• Karl Braun.

Albert Einstein thiab cov Nobel nqi zog: thawj extension

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm zoo kawg paub txog nominated rau tus nqi zog no nyob rau hauv 1910. Nws "cov godfather" yeej lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS Vilgelm Ostvald. Nws yog nthuav tias rau 9 lub xyoo ua ntej qhov kev tshwm sim, lub tom kawg tsis kam coj Einstein mus ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv nws kev nthuav qhia nws qhia tias lub hom phiaj ntawm Relativity yog ib tug heev scientific thiab lub cev, tsis yog philosophical nqe lus raws li nws cov ntseeg tau sim los qhia Einstein. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, Ostwald pheej defended no taw tes ntawm view, dua thawb nws rau ob peb lub xyoo.

Lub Nobel pawg neeg tau tso tseg Einstein tus candidacy, nrog cov lus hais tias cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Relativity tsis sib raws nraim rau ib yam ntawm cov txheej xwm. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws tau sau hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los tos rau ntau qhia tau meej heev nws sim kabke.

Txawm nws yog, nyob rau hauv 1910, lub nqi zog twb muab Yanu Van ua dawb Waals rog, rau qhov derivation ntawm kab zauv ntawm lub xeev rau gases thiab kua.

Kev kho tshiab hauv lub xyoo tom ntej

Nyob rau lub 10 xyoo tom ntej, Alberta Eynshteyna lub Nobel nqi zog nominated yuav luag txhua txhua xyoo tsuas yog 1911 thiab 1915 xyoo. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib txwm nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj ntawm kev ua hauj lwm uas tsim nyog ntawm xws li ib tug prestigious puav pheej nws qhia tias lub hom phiaj ntawm Relativity. Nws yog ib qhov tseeb tau coj mus rau lub fact tias txawm contemporaries feem ntau mas, raws li cov Nobel nqi zog twb muab rau Einstein.

Tu siab, 3 ntawm 5 mej zeej ntawm lub Nobel Committee los ntawm cov Swedish Uppsala University, lub npe hu rau nws muaj zog scientific lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas cov neeg sawv cev tau ua zoo strides nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho instrumentation thiab sim hom kev kawm. Lawv yog cov tsis tshua tej yam txawv ntawm ntshiab theorists. Lawv "raug tsim txom" tsis yog tus tsuas yog ib qho Einstein. Lub Nobel nqi zog tau yeej tsis raug muab tsub rau ib tug zoo heev paub txog Anri Puankare, thiab Maks plank tau txais nws nyob rau hauv 1919, tom qab ntev kev sib tham.

hnub ci dab noj hnub

Raws li twb tau hais, feem ntau ntawm cov physicists demanded sim qhia txog cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Relativity. Txawm li cas los, thaum lub caij no yog tsis tau. Tshav pab. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau soj ntsuam xyuas cov correctness ntawm Einstein tus lub hom phiaj yog yuav tsum tau twv seb tus cwj pwm ntawm ib tug kwv nrog ib tug lossis loj loj. Rau lub hom phiaj no qhov zoo tshaj plaws suited hnub. Nws tau txiav txim siab mus nrhiav tau tawm qhov chaw ntawm lub hnub qub rau thaum ib tug hnub ci dab noj hnub, uas yog mus rau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1919, thiab los sib piv nrog rau cov "dab tsi". Tau muaj los ua pov thawj los yog tsis pom zoo rau lub xub ntiag ntawm spatio-sab nqaij daim tawv distortion, uas tau los ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Relativity.

expeditions tau ib lub koom haum nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov kob thiab nyob rau hauv lub tropics ntawm Brazil. Cov kev ntsuam ua rau 6 feeb kom txog thaum cov dab noj hnub ntawd kub ntev li, tau soj ntsuam los ntawm Eddington. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, Newton tus classical txoj kev xav txog lub inert qhov chaw ua tsis tau tejyam thiab muab txoj kev uas yuav Einstein.

paub

1919 yog ib lub sij hawm ntawm triumph ntawm Einstein. Txawm Lorentz, uas tau koom rau nws lub tswv yim nrog skepticism, pom lawv cov nqi. Ib txhij nrog Niels Bohr thiab 6 th los ntawm lwm cov kws tshawb fawb, uas muaj txoj cai mus nominate lug txhawb cov miv rau lub Nobel nqi zog, nws hais nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj them yug Alberta Eynshteyna.

Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv nom tswv intervened. Txawm hais tias nws yog tseeb hais tias cov feem ntau zoo siab uas neeg tuaj sib tw - Einstein, lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Physics rau 1920 twb muab tsub Sharlyu Eduardu Guillaume rau kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm anomalies nyob rau hauv npib tsib xee alloys thiab hlau.

Cuaj kaum, tus controversy txuas ntxiv, thiab nws yog cuab kev tias lub ntiaj teb no lub zej lub zos yuav tsis to taub yog hais tias tus paub txog sab laug yam tsis muaj ib tug zoo-deserved puav pheej.

Lub Nobel nqi zog thiab Einstein

Nyob rau hauv 1921, tus xov tooj ntawm zaum uas npaj cov candidature ntawm tus creator ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm Relativity, mus txog rau nws climax. Rau Einstein pom zoo 14 cov neeg uas officially muaj cai nominate sib tw. Ib qho ntawm feem influential mej zeej ntawm lub noob nom noob tswv Swedish Society Eddington nyob rau hauv nws tsab ntawv txawm piv nws mus rau Newton thiab hais tias nws surpasses tag nrho nws lub contemporaries.

Txawm li cas los, cov Nobel Committee thov kom ua ib qho kev nthuav rau ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Relativity Laureate hauv tshuaj rau 1911 Alvar Gullstrand. Qhov no paub txog, ib tug xib fwb ntawm Ophthalmology ntawm Uppsala University, thiab sharply criticized Einstein tus tsis paub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws sib cav hais tias lub dabtsi yog khoov ntawm lub teeb beam yuav tsis muab suav hais tias ib tug yeej muaj tseeb xeem ntawm Alberta Eynshteyna kev tshawb xav. Nws kuj hais tias tsis txhob xav txog cov pov thawj ntawm lub tswvyim ua nrog hwm rau orbit ntawm Mercury. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog tshwj xeeb yog outraged los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias qhov ntev ntawm lub xab ntau yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb seb puas los yog tsis cov mus saib, thiab cov kev ceev uas nws ua li ntawd.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, Einstein cov Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv 1921, twb tsis tau muab, thiab nws tau txiav txim siab tsis mus puav pheej rau leej twg.

1922

Txuag lub ntsej muag Nobel Committee pab physicist Karl Vilgelm Oseen los ntawm lub University of Uppsala. Nws proceeded los ntawm lub fact tias nws tsis muaj nqi, rau cov uas Einstein tau txais cov Nobel nqi zog. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws pom tias nws yuav muab "rau cov discovery ntawm txoj cai ntawm lub photoelectric nyhuv."

Oseen kuj qhia pawg neeg hais tias thaum lub sij hawm lub 22th ceremony twb muab tsis tau tsuas yog Einstein. Lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ua ntej lub 1921 th tau muab tsis yog e qhov no yog ib lub sij hawm noj peb caug rau achievements ntawm ob zaum. Qhov thib ob khiav yog Niels Bohr.

Einstein tu lub official ceremony ntawm lub Nobel nqi zog. Nws hais lus nws hais tias tom qab, thiab nws twb mob siab rau lub hom phiaj ntawm Relativity.

Tam sim no uas koj paub tias dab tsi Einstein tau txais cov Nobel nqi zog. Lub sij hawm tau pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub discoveries ntawm tus paub txog rau lub ntiaj teb no ntawm science. Txawm hais tias Einstein cov Nobel nqi zog twb tsis muab, nws tseem yuav tau ncaim mus nyob rau hauv lub annals ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov keeb kwm raws li tus txiv neej uas hloov cov sawv cev rau cov tib neeg hais txog qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm.