Tsim, Science
Daniel Bernoulli: biography, duab, ua rau kom txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm ntau yam
XVII caug xyoo - ib tug muaj hnub nyoog ntawm enlightenment. Nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam ceg ntawm kev txawj ntse rog advanced minds ntawm tus kev cai dab qhuas hauv paus ntawm kev paub txog lub ntiaj teb no twb hloov los ntawm ib tug txhob txwm scientific. Ib cim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem - lub Bernoulli tsev neeg, uas tau muab ob peb lub ntiaj teb no-chav kawm tshawb fawb. Ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov npe no galaxy - Daniel Bernoulli. Cov teev txuj ci thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm kev tshawb fawb kev txaus siab, nws zoo li tus poj kws tshawb fawb ntawm cov Renaissance.
Kev kawm txog zauv raws li ib tsev neeg
Cov pog koob yawg koob ntawm lub Bernoulli tsev neeg Ameslikas los ntawm Flanders, los ntawm lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub yav qab teb Netherlands, uas tom qab los ua ib feem ntawm Belgium. Nyob rau hauv Antwerp, qhov twg nws nyob ib tug ntawm cov progenitors ntawm tus naas ej tsev neeg - Yakhauj, tau pib lub phem los ntawm UFW ntawm Protestantism, uas muaj xws li Bernoulli. Lawv yuam kom mus thawj lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab ces mus rau Basel, qhov uas lawv tau txais Swiss pej xeem. Tub Yakhauj - Nicholas, leej twg nyob rau hauv lub genealogical tsob ntoo ntawm tsev neeg xws senior, muaj 11 cov me nyuam. Nws yog tus tsim lub npe nrov zauv dynasty. Ib tug ntawm cov me nyuam ntawm Yakhauj - Johann - qhia nyob rau University of Groningen. Qhov no Dutch nroog Lub ib hlis ntuj 29, 1700 thiab yug Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782 gg.).
Thaum lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm tus poj tus paub txog yog 5 xyoo, Johann Bernoulli thiab nws tsev neeg rov qab mus rau Basel, qhov twg nws tau txais cov ncej ntawm xib fwb ntawm kev kawm txog zauv. Tom qab nws los ua kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm Daniel, nws tau los ua tseeb tias nws twb ntse nruab siab uas tsis muaj tsawg tshaj li nws cov kwv tij - Jacob thiab Nicholas Jr. Tab sis Johann Daniel assumed rau ntau muaj txiaj ntsim - ib tug ua lag luam los yog kev kho mob - ua hauj lwm, yog li ntawd, nyob rau ntawm nws insistence, 15 xyoo Daniel Bernoulli yog thawj kawm tshuaj nyob hauv University of Basel, thiab ces nyob rau hauv lub German Heidelberg.
Tshuaj thiab kev ua lej
Paj nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntws nyob rau hauv cov kua thiab gaseous xov xwm manifested nyob rau hauv Daniel, thaum nws los ua ib tug thwj tim ntawm tus naas ej English kws kho mob William Harvey. Nws ua tib zoo familiarized nrog nws ua hauj lwm rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov ntshav khiav tsis zoo hauv tib neeg lub cev - Harvey yog pervootkryvatem loj thiab me me ncig.
Tsis ntev Daniel Bernoulli defended ib tug thesis thiab ua kom tau tus ncej ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv. Thaum cov kev xaiv ntawm tus neeg sib tw yog feem ntau nqa tawm los ntawm ntau. Lub sim ntawm cov hluas paub txog yog hai, tab sis nws los ua qhov ua rau ntawm nws tus paj laum nyob rau hauv cov zauv sib nrauj ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov muaj tseeb.
Nyob rau hauv 1724 Daniel tsiv mus rau Venice mus kawm tswv yim tshuaj nyob hauv naas ej tus kws kho mob Antonio Michelotti.
Daniel I.
Nyob rau hauv ltalis, nws tau mob heev, tab sis txuas ntxiv nws kev tshawb fawb. Nws siv ib tug ntau ntawm thwmsim mus nrhiav regularities nyob rau hauv lub cwj pwm ntawm cov dej thaum nws ntws tawm ntawm lub thawv thiab dhau los ntawm lub hlab txawv tus ntoo khaub lig seem. Qhov no ua hauj lwm tsim nws txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub tshiab teb ntawm physics, uas nws hu ua hydrodynamics.
Nyob rau hauv 1725 Daniel Bernoulli raug caw los ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab Empress Catherine kuv coj cov ncej ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub Department ntawm Lej nyob rau Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm St. Petersburg. Nws suav rau nws ib feem, raws li ib tug muaj koob kws muaj txuj nyob rau hauv hydrodynamics, nyob rau hauv kev tsim ib tug cascade ntawm chaw nyob rau hauv Peterhof.
Nyob paub txog nyob rau hauv Russia twb cim los ntawm qee - 9 lub hlis tom qab nws tuaj txog nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg tuag ntawm kev kub taub hau tau tuaj nrog nws tus tij laug Nicholas. Txawm tias lub loj heev morale uas nrog nws thaum lub sij hawm nws tag nrho nyob rau hauv ib lub txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws, Daniel amassed khoom rau nws cov ntsiab scientific ua hauj lwm - "Dej Dynamics", luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1738. Nws formulated qhov yooj yim cov kev cai ntawm cov kev cai uas xyuas seb qhov ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv cov dej thiab nkev, tau txais lub npe ntawm Bernoulli.
Homesickness ua zaum xa thov kom txaus nyob rau hauv Basel, qhov twg nyob rau hauv 1733 thiab rov qab mus rau Daniel Bernoulli. Nws biography tau txij li thaum raug txuas xwb los lub zos no, nyob qhov twg nws nyob uninterruptedly kom txog rau thaum nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1782.
Kev sib raug zoo nrog nws leej txiv
Thaum twg, nyob rau hauv 1734, Daniel muab nws "Hydrodynamics" nyob rau hauv lub contest nyob rau hauv Paris Academy ntawm Sciences, nws muab tawm hais tias nws cov yeeb ncuab yog nws txiv. Academy qhov kev txiav txim yog ib tug hais nruab nrab, tab sis tshwm sim los chim siab nyob rau ib feem ntawm tus niam txiv. Daniel Bernoulli thiab Johann Bernoulli sib npaug tshaj tawm hais tias winners, tiam sis ua rau ib tug nyob ntev nrog nws tus tub ciali mus rau lub qub xib fwb demeaning.
Cov kev sib raug zoo nrog nws leej txiv Daniyee tau severed, txawm lub siab xav tsim kom muaj lawv tus tub. Thaum tus ntawv "Hydrodynamics" nyob rau hauv Strasbourg nyob rau hauv 1738, nws pointedly ntxiv rau nws lub npe rau lub title page ntawm "tub Johann." Tab sis cov laus Bernoulli yog irreconcilable. Ib xyoo tom qab, nws luam tawm nws phau ntawv "hydraulics". Nws yog yeej sau hnub tim nws 1732, yuav qhia nws ua ntej.
Daniel Bernoulli thiab nws pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm ntau yam
Nyob rau hauv lub "Saib St. Petersburg Academy" Bernoulli luam tawm ib daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws suav hais tias yog daim ntawv qhia, hu ua lub St. Petersburg paradox. Nws muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev ua si, rau cov thawj lub sij hawm xa mus rau Daniel lub tub - Nicholas: pov ib npib nyiaj ntawm n-lub sij hawm poob "Dav dawb hau" coj cov neeg uas ua ntawv los yeej nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm 2 mus rau lub hwj chim ntawm n npib. Lej xam ntawm qhov yuav tshwm ntawm winning leads mus rau ib infinite nqi, tiam sis kev txiav txim siab yuav qhia tau tias tus remuneration rau kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua si yuav tsum muaj ib tug finite tus nqi. Thaum ib tug daws teeb meem ntawm lub paradox Daniel siv cov kev hloov ntawm lub expectation ntawm winning ib tug ncaj ncees raws li zoo raws li lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntau yam thiab tej nqi hluav taws xob.
Ib qho tseem ceeb txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Bernoulli nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog vim lub ntsiab profession ntawm Daniel - kev kho mob - thiab tshiab ceg ntawm science, lej statistics thiab cov kev tshawb xav ntawm tsis. Nws luam tawm ib daim ntawv rau cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv tiv thaiv smallpox.
cuab yeej cuab tam
Daniila Bernulli ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb xav ntawm differential sib npaug no mas muaj nuj nqis "dawb huv" lej. Ib tug zauv physics - ib daim teb ntawm science, qhov twg tus paub txog yog pom tias yog ib cov founders.
Qhov no physicist wagon tab sis yuav tsum muaj kev cai lij choj ntawm cov kua puab, Bernoulli enriched lub kinetic kev tshawb xav ntawm gases thiab cov kev tshawb xav ntawm elasticity, uas yog qhov kev kawm ntawm ib tug series ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm lub vibrating txoj hlua. Niaj hnub nimno aerodynamics tau raws cov uas nrhiav tau kev pab rau cov thawj lub sij hawm Daniel.
Paris, Berlin, Bologna, St. Petersburg Academy ntawm Sciences, lub noob nom noob tswv Society - ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub scientific koom haum ua teb yog Daniel Bernoulli. Diam duab nrog nws portrait adorns cov phab ntsa hauv ntau yam kev tsev dais nws lub npe, xws li txoj kev kuaj ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Complex Systems lej kev tshawb fawb ntawm MSU.
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