Ancient Greek lus: tus niam ntawv. Keeb kwm ntawm lub Greek lus

Ancient Greek lus belongs rau lub "tuag" qeb: hnub no nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tau raws li ib tug txiv neej uas yuav siv lawv txhua txhua hnub kev sib tham. Txawm li cas los, nws yog dab tsi tab sis tsis nco qab lawm thiab ploj mus ib txhis. Cov lus nyob rau hauv ancient Greek yeej yuav hnov qhov twg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Ib qho kev xeem ntawm nws cov tsiaj ntawv, cov qauv sau ntawv thiab kev hais cai - ib qho tshwm sim hnub no.

Los ntawm lub sij hawm immemorial

Keeb kwm ntawm lub Greek lus pib nrog qhov ntxeem tau ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws Balkan pab pawg neeg. Nws tshwm sim nruab nrab ntawm cov XXI thiab XVII centuries. BC. Lawv coj nrog lawv qhov thiaj li hu ua Proto-Greek lus, uas yuav pib tom qab Mycenaean, dialects ntawm lub classical lub sij hawm, thiab ces Koine (Alexandrian lub suab hais lus) thiab cov niaj hnub hauv daim ntawv ntawm Greek. Nws sawv tawm los ntawm lub Indo-European, thiab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm yug, sawv thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm tus poj xeev tau undergone loj hloov.

affidavits

Txog thaum lub Dorian ntxeem tau ntawm lub hnub nyoog bronze, tshaj los ntawm lub XVI mus rau lub XI xyoo pua BC. e., nyob rau tim Nkij thiab Crete, Mycenaean daim ntawv ntawm cov lus siv. Niaj hnub no, nws yog suav tias yog lub feem ntau ancient Greek version. Mycenaean kom txog rau thaum hnub no fwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov inscriptions rau av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj sab rau cov kob ntawm Crete. Cim text kuaj (ib tug tag nrho ntawm txog 6 txhiab) muaj mas coj mus muag txias. Dua li ntawm qhov seemingly insignificant ntaub ntawv yuav nyob rau hauv lawv, zaum muaj uncovered tej yam tshwm sim ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ib tug bygone era.

dialects

Ancient Greek lus, txhua txhua tsev neeg mas yuav kis tau rau nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv. Thaum lub sij hawm, muaj ntau ntau dialects, uas yog ib txwm ua ke nyob rau hauv plaub pab pawg:

• sab hnub tuaj: ntawm no yog Ionic thiab nthab dialects;

• Western: Doric lub suab hais lus;

• arcade los yog yuzhnoaheyskuyu Cyprus;

• Aeolian los yog severoaheyskuyu.

Nyob rau hauv lub Hellenistic era, uas pib tom qab lub conquests Aleksandra Makedonskogo, nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub nthab lub suab hais lus ntawm Koine sawv, Yias-Hellenic lus uas tau kis mus rau tag nrho sab hnub tuaj Mediterranean. Tom qab ntawd, vim hais tias ntawm nws "sawv" feem ntau niaj hnub dialects.

tsiaj ntawv

Niaj hnub no, ib txoj kev los sis lwm, yuav luag txhua leej txhua tus yog me ntsis txog Greek lus. "Tej zaum" tsab ntawv ( "tau"), raws li zoo raws li tsab ntawv "Beta", "Alpha", "sigma" thiab li ntawd on raug siv nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv, physics thiab lwm yam sciences. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov niam ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li cov lus nws tus kheej, yog tsis tawm ntawm cov huab cua. Nws yog nyob rau hauv X los yog IX nyob rau hauv. BC. e. Nws twb borrowed los ntawm Phoenician (Khana-as) pab pawg neeg. Initial qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv tau poob lub sij hawm, tab sis cia lawv cov npe thiab kev txiav txim.

Nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws, thaum muaj ob peb kev cai cov chaw, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv coj nws tus kheej peculiarities nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv. Cov no tsam muaj tus loj tshaj tus nqi ntawm Miletus thiab Chalcis. Tus thawj yuav pib tom qab siv nyob rau hauv Byzantium. Nws yog nws Kirill kuv Mefody muab tso rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub Slavic niam ntawv. Chalcis xaiv embraced los ntawm cov neeg Loos. Nws yog leej txiv ntawm cov Latin ntawv, tseem siv thoob plaws Western teb chaws Europe.

Ancient Greek lus hnub no

Yog vim li cas yog vim li cas ib tug txaus loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub mus kawm ib tug "tuag" cov lus ntawm lub ancient Greeks, no mas, pom tseeb. Thiab tsis nws yog. Rau kws tshawb fawb koom nyob rau hauv sib piv kev kawm yam lus thiab lwm yam kev kawm, kev nkag siab ntawm lub ancient Greek - ib feem ntawm lub profession. Ib yam yuav hais tias cov kev cai cov kev tshawb fawb, philosophers thiab historians. Rau lawv, lub ancient Greek - cov lus uas heev heev thawj qhov chaw. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tag nrho cov ntawm no cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau nyeem thiab txhais. Txawm li cas los, tus neeg twg uas tau puas tau piv tus thawj thiab "yoog" mus rau lub zos lus version, paub yuav ua li cas sib txawv rau tej version. Yog vim li cas cov lus dag nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv outlook, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub keeb kwm thiab xaav ntawm cov neeg. Tag nrho cov nuances yog thaws rov los nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem, hloov nws thiab ua kom muaj tus heev untranslatable qhia, tag nrho ntawm lub ntsiab lus uas yuav tsum to taub tsuas yog tom qab kev kawm tus thawj hom lus.

Nws yog ib nqi kev paub txog qhov Greek rau archaeologists thiab numismatists. Nkag siab txog cov lus tswj lub sib tam, thiab nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub yuav pab tau sai sai txiav txim ib tug fake.

qiv

Cov ancient Greek lo lus nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus abound. peb feem ntau tsis txawm xav tias lawv cov keeb kwm, cim tias seb thaum lub antiquity thiab paub. Elena npe Andrew, Tatiana thiab Fedor tuaj rau peb los ntawm ancient Greece tom qab tus me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm muaj zog ua lag luam thiab lwm yam kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Greeks thiab Byzantines nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm lub Slavic pab pawg neeg tuaj ntau lo lus tshiab. Ntawm lawv yog cov lub "pancakes", "Sail", "vinegar", "menyuam roj hmab". Niaj hnub no, cov no thiab tej lus zoo li no thiaj li nquag hais tias nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau ntseeg nyob rau hauv lawv txawv teb chaws tuaj.

Qhov scientific ntaub ntawv lub feem ntau ntau cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev paub thiab cia tej lus borrowings los ntawm ancient Greek. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws tuaj rau peb cov npe ntawm cov ntau yam disciplines (geography, astronomy, thiab lwm yam), kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo (monarchy, kev cai ywj pheej), raws li zoo raws li kev kho mob, suab paj nruas, kev sau ntawv thiab ntau lwm yam lus. Hauv plawv ntawm cov lus tshiab denoting tsis muaj nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm, tej khoom thiab phenomena yog Greek cov hauv paus hniav, los yog lawv tsim los ntawm kev siv lub Greek ua ntej lo lus (xov tooj, tshuab kuaj kab mob). Lwm yam ntsiab lus uas siv niaj hnub no, muaj poob nws cov thawj cov ntsiab lus. Yog li, cybernetics nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws bygone era hu ua tus muaj peev xwm ua hauj lwm lub nkoj qab thus. Yog li, txawm tom qab thiaj li muaj ntau centuries, cov lus ntawm lub ancient inhabitants ntawm lub Peloponnese tseem nyob rau hauv coob.