Albert Hoffman - Swiss chemist, leej txiv ntawm LSD: A Biography

Albert Hofmann, lub Swiss chemist uas tau muab lub ntiaj teb no LSD, feem ntau haib psychotropic tshuaj tam sim no paub, tuag nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 2008 nyob rau ntawm nws lub tsev nyob rau hauv ib tug hilltop nyob ze Basel, Switzerland. Nws yog 102 xyoo.

Raws li Rick Doblin, founder thiab CEO ntawm ib tug multi-qhuab qhia lub koom haum ntawm psychedelic kev tshawb fawb, raws li nyob rau hauv California, qhov ua rau ntawm kev tuag yog ib lub plawv nres. Qhov no koom haum nyob rau hauv 2005 reprinted cov phau ntawv, uas nyob rau hauv 1979 luam tawm Albert Hoffman, "Kuv cov teeb meem me nyuam LSD."

Swiss zaum thawj tsim lub compound lysergic acid nyob rau hauv 1938, tab sis tsis tau pom nws psychopharmacological los mus txog rau thaum tsib lub xyoos tom qab, nws ntawd siv ib yam khoom uas yog nyob rau hauv lub counterculture ntawm lub 1960 lub npe hu ua "acid".

Tom qab ntawd nws coj LSD pua pua ntawm lub sij hawm, tab sis pom nws raws li ib tug haib thiab uas yus psychotropic tshuaj uas yuav tsum tau hwm. Tiam sis ntau tshaj ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj qhov pleasures ntawm lub psychedelic kev yog rau nws tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj raws li ib qho kev pab rau contemplation thiab nkag siab txog dab tsi nws hu ua cov kev sib sau ntawm noob neej muaj kev xwm. Qhov no xaav, uas tuaj rau Dr. Hoffman yuav luag ib tug kev cai dab qhuas epiphany nyob rau hauv thaum yau, tus coj feem ntau ntawm nws tus kheej thiab lub neej kev.

illumination

Albert Hofmann yug nyob rau hauv Baden, ib tug resort nroog nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb ntawm Switzerland, Lub ib hlis ntuj 11, 1906 Nws yog tus hlob ntawm plaub tug me nyuam. Nws txiv, uas tsis tau kawm ntawv qib siab, yog ib tug toolmaker nyob rau hauv ib lub zos Hoobkas, thiab cov tsev neeg nyob rau hauv ib lub khiab tsev nyob chav tsev. Tab sis Albert siv feem ntau ntawm nws lub sij hawm spare rau hauv txoj kev.

Nws yuam kev los ntawm lub toj saum toj no rau hauv lub nroog thiab ua si ntawm lub ruins ntawm tus Habsburg "Stein" tsev fuabtais. "Muaj ib tug tiag tiag lub vaj kaj siab - nws hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug kev sib tham nyob rau hauv 2006. - Peb twb tsis muaj nyiaj, tab sis kuv muaj ib tug zoo kawg nkaus thaum yau. "

Thaum lub sij hawm ib tug ntawm nws mus taug kev nws muaj ib tug epiphany.

"Nws tshwm sim Tej zaum thaum sawv ntxov - Kuv twb tsis nco qab lub xyoo, tab sis tseem yuav pinpoint qhov chaw uas nws tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv footpath nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov nyob ze Martinsburg, - nws sau nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv. - Kuv twb taug kev los ntawm cov hav zoov nrog cov tshiab nplooj, uas muaj cov birdsong thiab zes los ntawm thaum sawv ntxov hnub, thiab tag nrho cov ntawm ib tug Sudden muab tawm los ua ib tug unusually ntshiab lub teeb. Xwm seized zoo nkauj tshaj plaws radiance, kov mus rau lub plawv, raws li yog hais tias nws xav mus cuag nws greatness rau kuv. Kuv twb tau sau nrog ib tug indescribable nov ntawm nqaij tawv ntawm kev kaj siab, kev sib koom thiab blissful tranquility. "

Txawm tias Hoffman tus txiv yog ib tug Catholic thiab nws niam - ib tug Protestant, nws ntseeg los ntawm ib tug thaum ntxov muaj hnub nyoog, kev ntseeg tu lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Thaum nws muaj 7 los yog 8 xyoo, Albert twb tham tsis tau nrog ib tug phooj ywg hais tias Yexus puas yog ib tug vajtswv. "Kuv hais tias kuv tsis ntseeg tias nws, tab sis Vajtswv yuav tsum, vim hais tias muaj yog ib lub ntiaj teb thiab ib tug neeg uas tsim nws, - nws hais tias. - Kuv muaj ib tug heev sib sib zog nqus kev twb kev txuas nrog cov xwm. "

Qhov kev xaiv ntawm profession

Hoffman mus kawm Science News for KIDS ntawm lub University of Zurich, raws li nws xav mus tshawb lub ntiaj teb no ntawm theem qhov twg lub zog thiab tshuaj ntsiab ua ke ua lub neej. Nyob rau hauv 1929, thaum nws tsuas yog 23, nws tau txais ib tug doctorate nyob rau hauv philosophy. Nws ces coj ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv "Sandoz" laboratory nyob rau hauv Basel, qhov twg nws attracted los ntawm ib qho kev pab nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm cov kws tshuaj los ntawm medicinal nroj tsuag.

"Hnub ntawm lub tsheb kauj vab"

Thaum ua hauj lwm nrog ergot ntaus rye, nws dawm rau LSD, thiab kev huam yuaj Friday yav tav su nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1943 siv cov tshuaj hauv. Tsis ntev nws dhau ib qho kev kho lub xeev nco qab, zoo ib yam li uas thaum nws ua ib tug me nyuam.

Cov nram qab no Monday, LSD Albert Hofmann txhob txwm coj. Cov kev npaj pib ua thaum nws caij luv thij lub tsev. Hnub ntawd, Plaub Hlis Ntuj 19, tom qab ib txhis los ntawm pib xyaum ua tshuaj. Lawv hu ua nws cov "hnub ntawm lub tsheb tuam."

kev tshwm sim Science News for KIDS

Dr. Hoffman tau tsim lwm yam tseem ceeb cov tshuaj, xws li metergin siv rau cov kev kho mob ntawm postpartum hemorrhage - lub ntsiab ua rau ntawm kev tuag nyob rau hauv me nyuam. Tab sis nws yog LSD zoo li tus nws cov hauj lwm thiab nws sab ntsuj plig quest.

"Ua Tsaug rau kuv txoj kev xav thaum noj LSD thiab kuv tshiab daim duab ntawm kev muaj tiag, kuv pom tau hais cov txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm creation, lub magnificence ntawm qhov, muaj thiab fauna, - hais tias Hoffman, tus kws kho mob Stanislav Grof nyob rau hauv 1984. - kuv paub zoo heev rhiab rau dab tsi yuav tshwm sim nrog tag nrho cov no thiab nrog tag nrho cov ntawm peb. "

dawb ceev tshuaj

Dr. Hoffman los ua ib tug ardent environmentalist. Nws hais tias LSD tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug tseem ceeb lub cuab tam nyob rau hauv Psychiatry, tiam sis yuav tsum siv rau awaken ib tug tob khiav ntawm tib neeg lub qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov xwm, kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm qhov.

Tab sis raws li nws muaj kev txhawj xeeb hauv lub loj hlob siv LSD raws li ib tug tshuaj rau kev lom zem. Raws li nws, cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau siv raws li tau zoo raws li txheej thaum ub lub sawm fem siv psychoactive dawb ceev cov nroj tsuag - ua tib zoo thiab nrog sab ntsuj plig intentions.

Tom qab tus foundations ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm psychotropic tshuaj Albert Hofmann siv xyoo kawm dawb ceev cov nroj tsuag. Ua ke nrog nws tus phooj ywg Gordon Wasson, nws koom nyob rau hauv psychedelic rituals shamans mesatekov nyob rau hauv yav qab teb Mexico. Nws muaj peev xwm coj los ua ke lub lub tebchaw mushroom psilocybe Mexicana, nws hu ua psilocin thiab psilocybin. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub chemist tau faib cov active Cheebtsam Convolvulus noob uas Mazatec kuj siv tau raws li ib tug qaug, thiab pom hais tias nws tshuaj nyob tus yeees yog zoo li tus LSD.

Thaum lub sij hawm psychedelic era Hoffman ntaus li ib tug phooj ywg nrog xws li extraordinary personalities li Timoti Liri, Allen Ginsberg thiab Oldos Haksli, leej twg, ua rau lub verge ntawm txoj kev tuag nyob rau hauv 1963, nws nug nws tus poj niam muab nws ib tug txhaj ntawm LSD alleviate kev txom nyem los ntawm caj pas cancer.

cuab yeej cuab tam

Txawm li cas los, txawm lub paj nyob rau hauv psychoactive tebchaw LSD txiv tseem mus kawg ib tug Swiss chemist. Nyob rau hauv lub laboratory, "Sandoz," nws coj lub Ntuj Tshuaj Kev tshawb fawb Department kom txog rau thaum nws laus nyob rau hauv 1971.

Sau dua ib puas scientific cov khoom, sau los ntawm Albert Hoffman. Phau ntawv muaj nplooj siab rau Swiss chemist hallucinogenic tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv "Eleusis: raug lead lom rau sacraments" (1978) nws cav hais tias ib tug xov tooj ntawm Greek kev cai dab qhuas ceremonies nrog los ntawm kev siv ntawm hallucinogenic nceb. Nws kuj co-sau "Botany thiab Science News for KIDS ntawm Hallucinogens" cov phau ntawv (1973), "Nroj tsuag ntawm lub Gods: lub hauv paus pib ntawm txoj kev siv ntawm hallucinogens" (1979). Nyob rau hauv 1989 kuv pom lub teeb ntawm nws Insight / Outlook phau ntawv (1989) hais txog lub xaav ntawm kev muaj tiag thiab lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm "Elixir of Hoffmann: LSD thiab cov tshiab Eleusis" tau luam tawm tom qab nws tuag (2008).

Albert Hoffman thiab nws tus poj niam, Anita, leej twg tuag ua ntej nws tuag, tsa nyob rau hauv Basel plaub tug me nyuam. Tub tuag ntawm alcoholism nyob rau hauv '53. Hoffman tej ob peb cov xeeb ntxwv thiab kuj zoo kawg cov xeeb ntxwv.

Txawm hais tias Swiss chemist hu ua LSD "tshuaj rau tus ntsuj plig", los ntawm 2006 lub hnub thaum nws twb noj hallucinogens, tau ntev sab laug qab. "Kuv paub LSD; Kuv tsis tas yuav siv sij hawm nws tshaj - nws hais thiab ntxiv, - tej zaum thaum kuv tuag raws li Oldos Haksli. " Raws li nws, LSD yog tsis tus nws lub tswv yim txog txoj kev tuag. "Tom qab txoj kev tuag, kuv yuav tau rov qab mus rau qhov twg Kuv yog ua ntej nws twb yug los, uas yog tag nrho."

Albert Hoffman: quotes

Hauv qab no yog ib co paub qhia Swiss chemist.

• Cov evolution ntawm noob neej yog nrog los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm nco qab.
• LSD - tsuas yog ib tug txhais tau tias yuav ua rau peb uas peb yuav tsum tau.
• Mus rau hauv lub teb, mus rau hauv lub vaj, taug kev nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov. Qhib koj lub qhov muag!
• Vajtswv hais lus rau cov uas to taub txog nws cov lus.
• Kuv ntseeg hais tias yog cov neeg kawm tau mus siv stimulation yog toog pom ntawm LSD nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab meditation yog ntau tsim nyog, nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob, qhov teeb meem no tus me nyuam yuav tsum muaj ib tug me nyuam prodigy.
• Nco qab - yog ib tug txiaj ntsim ntawm Vajtswv rau noob neej.