Acid: piv txwv lub rooj. thaj chaw ntawm acids

Acids - cov no yog cov tshuaj tebchaw uas yog peev xwm ntawm muab ib tug electrically them ion (ntawv) hydrogen, thiab txais ob vzaimodeystvuschih electron, li no txoj kev ua ib covalent daim ntawv cog lus.

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb xav txog qhov yooj yim acid, uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv theem nrab cov chav kawm ntawm theem nrab tsev kawm ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li kawm tau ntau nthuav lus tseeb hais txog ntau yam acids. Taug.

Acids: Hom

Nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS muaj yog ib tug ntau ntau yam ntawm acids, uas muaj sib txawv heev zog. Chemists paub qhov txawv acid cov ntsiab lus uas muaj oxygen, nyob rau hauv volatility, solubility nyob rau hauv dej, lub zog, stability, teej tug mus rau cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic los yog inorganic tshuaj tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib ib lub rooj uas pib ua lub npe nrov tshaj acid. Rooj yuav pab tau koj nco ntsoov lub npe ntawm tus acid thiab nws cov tshuaj mis.

Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov meej meej pom. Cov lus no qhia tau hais tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj lag luam acid. Lub rooj yuav pab kom tus ceev heev yuav tsum nco ntsoov cov npe thiab cov qauv.

hydrosulfuric acid

H ₂ S - hydrogen sulfide yog acid. Nws peculiarity lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nws kuj yog ib cov roj. Hydrogen sulfide yog heev phem rastovoryaetsya nyob rau hauv dej, raws li zoo raws li sib tham nrog ntau yam thiaj li hlau. Hydrogen sulfide acid belongs rau cov pab pawg neeg ntawm "tsis muaj zog acid", piv txwv uas peb yuav sib tham txog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

H ₂ S muaj ib tug me ntsis Sweet saj, thiab heev pungent tsw ntawm lwj qe. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, nws muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub natural los yog volcanic roj, thiab nws yog tso tawm thaum lub protein putrefaction.

Properties acids yog heev ntau haiv neeg, txawm yog hais tias tus acid yog indispensable nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, nws yuav ua tau heev unprofitable rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv. Qhov no acid yog heev tshuaj lom rau cov txiv neej. Los ntawm nqus tau pa ntawm ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm hydrogen sulfide nyob rau hauv tug txiv neej awakens mob taub hau pib mob loj heev xeev siab thiab kiv taub hau. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg nqus pa loj nyiaj ntawm H ₂ S, nws yuav ua tau kom qaug dab peg, coma, los yog txawm cia li tuag.

sulfuric acid

H ₂ li ₄ - yog ib tug muaj zog sulfuric acid, uas cov me nyuam yog nkag tau rau hauv Science News for KIDS cov chav kawm txawm nyob rau hauv lub 8 chav kawm ntawv. Tshuaj acids xws li sulfuric acid, yog muaj zog heev oxidants. H ₂ li ₄ kev ua raws li ib tug oxidant rau ntau heev co, thiab yooj yim oxides.

H ₂ li ₄ nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov tawv nqaij los yog cov khaub ncaws ua tshuaj kub nyhiab, tab sis nws tsis yog raws li tshuaj lom li hydrogen sulfide.

nitric acid

Nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb lub zog acid. Piv txwv li acids: HCl, H ₂ li _4, HBr, HNO _3. HNO ₃ - yog lub npe hu rau txhua leej txhua tus nitric acid. Nws tau lug siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb. Nws yog siv rau qhov siv thiab ua ntau yam chiv, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, printing duab, nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov tshuaj thiab dyes, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv tus tiv thaiv kev lag luam.

Tej tshuaj acid xws li nitric acid, yog heev teeb meem rau tus kab mob. HNO ₃ officers tshuav ulcers, ua mob o thiab ua pa ib ntsuj av tau voos.

cov pa roj nitrous acid

Nitrous acid yog heev feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog nitrogen, tiam sis qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog. Qhov tseeb hais tias cov pa roj nitrous acid yog npaum li cas tsawg nitrogen, nws txawv kiag li lub zog thiab los ntawm cov tib neeg lub cev.

HNO ₂ tau lug siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam.

hydrofluoric acid

Hydrofluoric acid (los yog hydrogen fluoride) - ib tug tov ntawm H ₂ O c HF. acid amide - HF. Hydrofluoric acid yog heev lug siv nyob rau hauv lub txhuas kev lag luam. Nws yaj silicates, etched pob zeb ntais, silicate iav.

Hydrogen fluoride yog heev teeb meem rau tib neeg lub cev, nyob ntawm seb lub concentration ntawm cov tshuaj yuav ua tau yooj yim. Tom qab kev sib cuag nrog daim tawv nqaij, ua ntej tsis muaj kev hloov, tab sis tom qab ob peb feeb, tej zaum koj yuav tau txais ib tug ntse mob thiab tshuaj kub nyhiab. Hydrofluoric acid yog heev teeb meem rau cov ib puag ncig.

hydrochloric acid

HCl - yog hydrogen chloride, yog ib tug muaj zog acid. Hydrogen chloride acid khaws cov khoom teej tug mus rau lub muaj zog pab pawg neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub acid daim ntawv yog tseeb thiab tsis muaj kob, thiab muab cub nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Hydrogen chloride yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub hlau thiab khoom noj khoom haus industries.

Qhov no acid ua kub nyhiab, tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus ntshai nws lub qhov muag sib cuag.

phosphoric acid

Phosphoric acid (H ₃ PO ₄₎ - yog nyob rau hauv nws tsis muaj zog acid zog. Tab sis txawm tsis muaj zog acids yuav muaj muaj zog zog. Piv txwv li, H ₃ PO ₄ yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam rau cov yuav txo tau ntawm hlau xeb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, forsfornaya (los yog phosphoric) acid yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb - nws yog ua los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm chiv.

Properties acids yog heev uas zoo sib xws - tshuam txhua ntawm lawv yog heev teeb meem rau tib neeg lub cev, H ₃ PO ₄ yog tsis muaj exception. Piv txwv li, qhov no acid kuj ua rau mob loj heev kev kub nyhiab, los ntshav los ntawm lub qhov ntswg, thiab kuj tawg hniav.

carbonic acid

H ₂ CO ₃ - tsis muaj zog acid. Nws yog tau los ntawm dissolving CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) nyob rau hauv H ₂ O (dej). Carbonic acid yog siv nyob rau hauv ib thiab biochemistry.

Ceev sib txawv ntawm cov acids

acid ceev plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub theoretical thiab cov tswv yim qhov chaw ntawm Science News for KIDS. Tsaug rau qhov kev paub ntawm cov kev ceev yuav txiav txim seb lub concentration ntawm ib tug acid, xam los daws kom tau tshuaj teeb meem thiab ntxiv cov nyiaj acid mus nqa tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ceev tej acid txawv nyob ntawm seb lub concentration. Piv txwv li, tus loj dua cov concentration ntawm cov feem pua, ntau dua qhov lub ceev.

Cov kev thaj chaw ntawm acids

Kiag li tag nrho cov acid tshuaj yog complex (i.e., muaj ob peb cov ntsiab ntawm cov periodic rooj), yog li tas muaj xws li nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg H (hydrogen). Tom ntej no, peb xav txog cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm acids, uas yog tshwm sim:

1. Tag nrho oxygenated acid (uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov mis mos O) tsim thaum lub sij hawm decomposition ntawm dej, thiab ib tug acidic oxide. Ib tug anoxic li decomposed rau hauv yooj yim tshuaj (e.g., 2HF decomposes rau hauv F ₂ thiab H _2).
2. Acid-oxidants hnov mob nrog tag nrho co ntawm cov co kev ua si (tsuas yog cov nyob rau sab laug ntawm H).
3. Sib tham nrog rau ntau yam ntsev, tab sis cov uas raug tsim ntau zog acid.

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm acids txawv sharply los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug tsw, thiab tsis muaj nws, tab sis kuj muaj nyob rau hauv tej lub xeev ntawm aggregation: kua, gaseous los yog txawm khoom. Nws yog heev nthuav mus kawm cov khoom acid. Piv txwv li acids: C ₂ H ₂ 0 ₄ thiab H ₃ NPAWG _3.

concentration

Concentration yog tus muaj nuj nqis uas txiav txim seb tus ntau pes tsawg leeg ntawm tej tshuaj. Piv txwv li, chemists feem ntau tsim nyog los mus txiav txim yuav ua li cas npaum li cas acid nyob rau hauv nta H ₂ li ₄ yog dawb huv sulfuric acid. Rau lub hom phiaj no lawv ncuav ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm nta acid nyob rau hauv ib lub beaker, tiv kev txom nyem thiab kev ceev txiav txim concentration saum rooj. acid concentration narrowly interconnected nrog ceev txiav txim kontsetratsii feem ntau ces yuav tsum muab xam kev pab raws qib qhov twg nws yog tsim nyog los mus txiav txim qhov feem pua ntawm cov ntshiab acid nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj.

Classification los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm acid H atoms nyob rau hauv lawv cov tshuaj mis

Ib qho ntawm feem nrov classifications yog qhov kev sib cais ntawm acids, monobasic, dibasic thiab, raws li, tribasic acids. Piv txwv ntawm monobasic acids: HNO ₃ (nitric acid), HCl (hydrochloric), HF (hydrofluoric) thiab lwm tus neeg. Cov acids yog hu ua monobasic, txij thaum lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj no tsuas muaj ib atom H. Muaj ntau ntau acids, kiag li tsis yooj yim sua kom nco ntsoov txhua yam. Peb yuav tsum tau tsuas nco ntsoov tias lub acid yog classified thiab tus naj npawb ntawm H atoms nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv. Yog hais tseg zoo sib xws thiab diacids. Piv txwv: H ₂ li ₄ (sulfuric acid), H ₂ S (hydrogen sulfide), H ₂ CO ₃ (thee) thiab lwm tus neeg. Tribasic: H ₃ PO ₄ (phosphoric acid).

Lub ntsiab kev faib acids

Ib qho ntawm feem nrov classifications ntawm acids yog faib lawv mus rau hauv oxygenated thiab cov pa-free. Yuav ua li cas yuav tsum nco ntsoov, tsis paub txog lub tshuaj mis ntawm lub tshuaj uas yog cov pa uas muaj acid?

Peb tag nrho cov hydrogen acids nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm O - oxygen, tab sis muaj yog ib feem ntawm H. Yog li ntawd, lawv lub npe yog yeej ib txwm ntaus nqi rau lo lus "hydrogen". HCl - yog hydrochloric acid, ib tug H ₂ S - hydrogen sulfide.

Tab sis kuj los ntawm lub npe kislosoderzhaschih acids yuav sau lub mis. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov O atoms nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas - 4 los yog 3 ces yeej ib txwm ntxiv rau lub npe tom qab -n- thiab xaus -aya-:

• H ₂ li ₄ - sulfuric acid (tus naj npawb ntawm atoms - 4);
• H ₂ SiO ₃ - silicon (tus naj npawb ntawm atoms - 3).

Yog hais tias ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas yog tsawg tshaj li peb cov pa atoms, los yog peb, lub npe -ist- suffix yog siv:

• HNO ₂ - cov pa roj nitrous;
• H ₂ li ₃ - sulfurous.

Common zog

Tag nrho cov acids muaj ib tug qaub saj, thiab feem ntau ib tug me ntsis nws yog xim hlau. Tab sis muaj lwm yam uas zoo sib xws zog, uas peb tam sim no xav txog.

Muaj tshuaj hu ua ntsuas. Lub ntsuas hloov xim, los yog cov xim nyob, tab sis hloov nws Hawj txawm. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau ib lub sij hawm thaum lub LEDs yog rau lwm yam tshuaj xws li acid.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib cov xim hloov tej zaum yuav pab raws li xws li paub ntau yam khoom xws li tshuaj yej, thiab citric acid. Thaum ntuav tshuaj yej txiv qaub tshuaj yej ces maj mam nws pib mus rau qee kom sib considerably. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lub txiv qaub muaj citric acid.

Muaj lwm yam piv txwv. Litmus, uas puv liab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab nruab nrab muaj ib tug liab doog xim, ntxiv hydrochloric acid.

Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm acids nrog rau cov co nyob rau hauv lub electromotive series rau hydrogen gas npuas yog faib - H. Txawm li cas los, Yog hais tias lub raj muab tso nrog ib tug acid hlau uas yog nyob rau hauv nro tom qab kab H, ces tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tshwm sim, roj evolution yuav. Piv txwv li, tooj liab, silver, mercury, platinum thiab kub hnov mob nrog acids yog tsis.

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb ntsia lub nto moo tshaj plaws tshuaj acids, raws li zoo raws li lawv lub ntsiab nta thiab sib txawv.