Zenon Eleysky. Zeno ntawm Elea. Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv

Zenon Eleysky - Ancient Greek philosopher, uas yog ib tug thwj tim ntawm Parmenides, ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv. Nws yug los txog 490 BC. e. nyob rau hauv yav qab teb Ltalis, nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Elea.

Lub npe nrov Zeno?

Cov lus sib cav ntawm no philosopher Zeno ua nto moo raws li ib tug keej polemicist nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm sophistry. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub philosopher Parmenides xam tau tias yog zoo tib yam tswv yim. Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv (Xenophanes, Parmenides, Zeno) yog tus thawj ntawm kev sophistry. Zenon feeb xam tau tias yog tsuas yog ib lub "thwjtim" ntawm Parmenides (txawm hais tias Empedocles kuj hu ua nws cov "successor"). Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov sib tham raws li "sophist" Aristotle hu ua "lub inventor ntawm tus dialectic" ntawm Zeno. Nws siv lub sij hawm "dialectic" yog yuav los ua pov thawj tus nqi ntawm tej yam ntau cov kev xav. Hais tias nws muaj nplooj siab nws tus kheej tej hauj lwm ntawm Aristotle "Topeka".

Nyob rau hauv lub "Phaedrus", Plato hais txog owning zoo "art sib cav" "Eleatic Palamedes" (uas txhais tau tias "ntse inventor"). Plutarch sau txog Zeno siv saws los mus piav qhia cov kev xyaum ntawm Sufi terminology. Nws hais tias qhov no philosopher yog tau tsis kam ua, ua rau paradoxes los ntawm lub txee. Alluding mus rau lub fact tias Zeno muaj sophistic cim qhia, ib tug mention nyob rau hauv lub sib tham "Alcibiades kuv" hais tias cov philosopher coj nqi kawm ntawv ntau dua tus nqi. Diogenes Laertius hais tias rau cov thawj lub sij hawm pib sau dialogues Zenon Eleysky. Qhov no txawj xav zoo kawg twb tseem xam tau tias yog ib tug xib fwb ntawm Pericles, Athens 'nto moo nom tswv daim duab.

Cov chav kawm Zeno txoj cai

Yuav muaj nyob rau hauv doxography qhia tias Zeno twb koom nyob rau hauv kev nom kev tswv. Piv txwv li, nws tau koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug kev koom tes tiv thaiv Niarchos, lub tyrant (Nws muaj lwm yam variants ntawm nws lub npe), raug ntes thiab sim nyob rau hauv interrogation rau tom nws lub pob ntseg. Zaj dab neeg no nthuav txog Diogenes ntawm Heracleides Lembo, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog hais txog rau hauv phau ntawv peripatetic satire.

Muaj ntau historians ntawm antiquity dhau ceeb toom ntawm kuj nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm no philosopher. Yog li, raws li Antisthenes ntawm Rhodes, Zenon Eleysky me ntsis tawm nws tus nplaig. Hermippus ntawm Smyrna hais tias lub philosopher raug pov rau hauv lub stupa nyob rau hauv uas nws istolkli. Qhov no rov yog tom qab nrov heev nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm antiquity. Plutarch hais nws Heroneysky, Diodir Sicilian, Flaviy Filostrat, Kliment Aleksandriysky, Tertullian.

Tej hauj lwm Zeno

Zenon Eleysky yog tus sau ntawm tej hauj lwm "tiv thaiv lub tswv yim", "Controversy", "Txhais ntawm Empedocles" thiab "Nyob rau Xwm". Nws yog ua tau, txawm li cas los, hais tias tag nrho cov ntawm lawv, tshwj tsis yog rau "Lub Txhais ntawm Empedocles", nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb variants ntawm lub npe ntawm ib phau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv "Parmenides" Plato yog hais txog mus rau lub chaw ua hauj lwm sau los ntawm Zeno nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav thuam cov tw ntawm nws tus kws qhia ntawv thiab qhia tias txawm ntau ludicrous cov lus xaus ua assumption ntawm cov lus tsa suab thiab poob lawm dua tus nrog paub txog ib tug hluas tau ntawm Parmenides. Cov kev xav ntawm lub philosopher paub li hais los ntawm tom qab sau phau ntawv. Qhov no Aristotle (sau ntawv "Physics"), raws li zoo raws li nws commentators (eg, Simplicius).

cov lus sib cav ntawm Zeno

Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm Zeno twb sau ntawv, thaj, ntawm ib tug txheej tooj ntawm cov lus sib cav. Lub pov thawj los ntawm contradiction txo lawv cov zajlus kom daim ntawv no. Qhov no philosopher, tiv thaiv lub postulate ntawm ib tug ruaj ruaj hluas tau, uas tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv (Zeno, raws li ib txhia soj ntsuam ntawm, tau tsim nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav pab txhawb cov kev qhia ntawm Parmenides), nrhiav kom qhia tau tias cov lus rov thesis nyiaj (hais txog lub zog thiab teem) tas ua rau absurdity, yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau muab tso tseg xav.

Zeno, obviously ua raws li cov kev cai lij choj ntawm "cais nruab nrab": yog ib tug ntsiab lus los ntawm ob tug opposite yog tsis muaj tseeb, yog muaj tseeb ntxiv. Niaj hnub no peb paub tias cov nram qab no ob pab pawg ntawm cov nqe lus philosopher (Zeno ntawm Elea) tiv thaiv lub zog thiab tawm tsam ntau. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj pov thawj uas qhia tias cov nqe lus tiv thaiv cov piav thoob hlo xaav thiab tawm tsam qhov chaw.

Tawm tsam ib tug ntau yam ntawm Zenon

Simplicius tau tseg cov lus sib cav. Nws cites Zeno nyob rau hauv lub tawm tswv yim rau Aristotle tus "Physics". Proclus hais tias lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub txawj xav peb txaus siab yog ib tug 40 zoo xws li cov nqe lus. Tsib ntawm lawv peb sau.

1. Tiv thaiv nws tus kws qhia ntawv, uas yog Parmenides, Zenon Eleysky hais tias yog hais tias muaj ntau ntau yam, nws li nram no tias tej yam uas yuav tsum tau tsim nyog, thiab cov loj loj thiab me me: li ntawd me me tias lawv tsis muaj tej nqi thiab yog li ntawd, loj hais tias lawv muaj kev txom.
   
   Ntawv pov thawj nram qab no. Ib tug tej yam muaj nuj nqis yuav tsum tau uas twb muaj lawm. Muab ntxiv rau lub ib yam dab tsi, nws yuav ua rau kom nws thiab txo, ua npaum li cas tam sim ntawd. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav paub qhov txawv nws los ntawm ib co lwm yam, yuav tsum tiv thaiv nws, yuav nyob rau hauv ib yam nrug. Qhov ntawd yog ib txwm nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob tug suschimi nws yuav tsum tau muab rau peb, ua tsaug rau uas lawv yog cov sib txawv. Nws yuav tsum tau yuav txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam thiab t. D. Nyob hauv lub tuam yuav infinitely loj tshwm sim raws li yog tus nqi ntawm tej yam uas hais tias ib tug infinite teeb. Philosophy Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv (Parmenides, Zeno, thiab lwm tus neeg.) Yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim no.
   
   
2. Yog hais tias muaj ntau ntau yam, ces tej yam uas yuav tsum tau, thiab muaj kev txom thiab no xwb.
   
   Ntawv pov thawj: Yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug txheej ntawm tej yam uas yuav noj ntau npaum li raws li lawv muaj, tsis muaj tsawg thiab tsis muaj ntau, uas yog, lawv muaj pes tsawg xwb. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no yuav yeej ib txwm yuav muaj lwm yam ntawm, ntawm uas, nyob rau hauv lem, - thib peb, lwm yam ntawd yog, tus xov tooj ntawm lawv yog infinite ... Vim hais tias nyob rau tib lub sij hawm qhov tsis tooj yog muaj pov thawj, thawj zaug postulate yog tsis yog. Uas yog teem tsis muaj nyob. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab tswv yim uas npaj Parmenides (Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv). Zenon txhawb nqa nws.
   
   
3. Yog hais tias muaj ntau ntau yam, tej yam nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yuav tsum txawv thiab cov zoo li, uas yog tsis yooj yim sua. Raws li Plato no sib cav pib philosophy phau ntawv ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb. Qhov no aporia qhia tias tib yam yog pom raws li zoo li nws tus kheej thiab sib txawv los ntawm lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv Plato nws yog to taub li paralogism li unlikeness thiab likeness yog npaum li cas nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev.
   
   
4. Peb nco ntsoov ib qho kev nthuav cav tiv thaiv lub rooj zaum. Zenon hais tias yog hais tias muaj yog ib qho chaw, nws yuav tsum yog ib yam dab tsi, txij li thaum nws siv tau rau txhua yam. Nws hais ntxiv hais tias qhov chaw kuj yuav nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Thiab yog li ntawd nyob rau infinity. Xaus: muaj yog tsis muaj chaw. Qhov no sib cav yog Aristotle thiab nws commentators yog cov paralogisms. Incorrectly, hais tias "yuav tsum tau" - nws txhais tau tias "yuav nyob rau hauv qhov chaw," raws li nyob rau hauv ib co chaw tsis muaj nyob disembodied tswv yim.
   
   
5. Tiv thaiv piav thoob hlo xaav sib cav hu ua "pias grain." Yog hais tias ib tug grain los yog nws thousandth ntawm ib tug caij nplooj zeeg tsis muaj suab nrov raws li nws tau ua nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg medimnov? Yog hais tias medimnov grain ua suab nrov, yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau ua ntawv thov mus rau ib thousandth ntawm dab tsi tsis muaj nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag. Qhov no sib cav seb puas tsimnyog tau cov teeb meem ntawm lub chaw pib ntawm xaav ntawm peb tus ntxhiab, tab sis yog nws yog formulated nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub tag nrho thiab qhov chaw. Paralogism nyob rau hauv no formulation yog hais tias nws yog hais txog "lub suab nrov los ntawm cov feem", uas yog tsis nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag (raws li sau tseg los ntawm Aristotle, nws tshwm sim tau).

Cov tawm tsam tsab ntawv tsa suab

Qhov loj tshaj tej chaw tau txais los ntawm plaub paradoxes ntawm Zeno ntawm Elea rau lub sij hawm thiab lub zog, lub npe hu los ntawm Aristotle tus "Physics" thiab cov lus mus rau nws Ioanna Filopona thiab Simplicius. Thawj ob ntawm lawv raws li nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov ya ntawm tej ntev yuav tuaj raws li ib tug infinite tus naj npawb ntawm indivisible "qhov chaw" (qhov chaw). Nws kuj tsis yog zaum kawg lub sij hawm dhau. Qhov thib peb thiab thib plaub aporia raws li nyob rau hauv uas ntawm indivisible qhov chaw thiab muaj xws li lub sij hawm.

"Dichotomy"

Xav txog qhov sib cav ntawm "Cov qib" ( "Dichotomy" - lwm lub npe). Ua ntej kov yeej ib yam ze, lub tsiv lub cev yuav tsum xub mus ib nrab ya thiab ua ntej ib nrab mus txog, nws yuav tsum tau mus los ntawm ib nrab ib nrab, thiab ces rau ad infinitum, vim hais tias tej ya yuav tau muab faib nyob rau hauv ib nrab, tsis muaj teeb meem yuav ua li cas nws tseem me me.

Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, txij li thaum lub zog yog yeej ib txwm ua nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, thiab nws yog pom raws li ib tug pab ntawm infinitely muaj ntau ntau theem ua tau tam sim no txij li thaum divisible rau infinity nws yog ib yam tas mus li kom muaj nuj nqis. Li ntawd, cov tsiv lub cev yuav muaj ib tug finite lub sij hawm kom dhau lub xov tooj ntawm theem, uas yog infinite. Qhov no ua rau nws tsis yooj yim sua txav.

"Achilles"

Yog hais tias muaj yog lub zog, lub quickest khiav yuav tsis ntes tus qeeb, vim nws yog tsim nyog los ua ntej txais mus txog rau qhov chaw uas khiav tawm hauv tsev pib tsiv. Yog li ntawd, qhov yuav tsum tau rau khiav qeeb yuav tsum nco ntsoov yuav ib nyuag ua ntej.

Tseeb, lub txav - lub ntsiab lus tawm los ntawm ib tug taw tes rau lwm tus. Los ntawm taw tes A quick Achilles pib ntes nrog tus vaub kib, uas nyob rau lub caij yog taw tes B. Thaum xub thawj, nws yuav tsum kis tau ib nrab-txoj kev, uas yog, qhov kev ncua deb ib ^. Thaum Achilles yuav nyob ntawm tus taw tes Ab, ib pliag, kom txog rau thaum nws ua ib tug zog vaub kib coj ib tug ob peb ntau nyob rau hauv lub ya DDL. Ces, ua nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm txoj kev lub runner yuav tsum tau mus cuag ib tug taw tes Bb. Ua li no, nyob rau hauv lem, dhau lub tog A1V. Thaum lub kis las yuav ntawm lub hom phiaj no tog (A2), ib tug me ntsis ntxiv muaj nkag vaub kib. Thiab yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv. Zenon Eleysky nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si aporias qhia hais tias ib tug pab yog divisible rau infinity, xav yuav ua li cas qhov no yeej uas twb muaj lawm infinite.

"Xub"

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ib tug ya xub yog thaum so, ntseeg Zenon Eleysky. Lub philosophy ntawm qhov kev qhia no muaj ib txwm muaj ib tug cim asterisk tso, thiab qhov no aporia yog tsis muaj exception. Lub pov thawj ntawm nws lub nram qab no: lub xub nyob rau txhua lub sij hawm yuav siv sij hawm li ib co chaw, uas yog sib npaug zos rau nws volume (txij li thaum lub boom txwv tsis pub yuav tsum "nowhere"). Tab sis coj mus qhov chaw sib npaug zos rau nws tus kheej - li no, yuav nyob rau hauv so. Nws muaj peev xwm yuav xaus lus tias ib tug yuav xeeb tub ntawm cov lus tsa suab tsuas yog raws li lub sum ntawm qhov sib txawv xeev ntawm so. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua, vim hais tias nws tsis tshwm sim tawm ntawm tsis muaj dab tsi yog tsis muaj dab tsi.

"Tsiv lub cev"

Yog hais tias muaj yog lub zog, nws yog ua tau rau koj nco ntsoov cov nram qab no. Ib tug ntawm ob qhov tseem ceeb yog muaj sib npaug, thiab tsiv mus nyob rau tib lub ceev, tej zaum nws yuav siv sij hawm sib npaug ob zaug hauv lub deb, tab sis tsis sib npaug zos mus rau lwm yam.

Qhov no aporia feeb clarified nrog kev pab los ntawm lub duab. Txav mus rau mus rau txhua lwm yam ob sib npaug zos kwv, uas yog xaiv los ntawm alphabetic cim. Lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus paths thiab kuaj nyob rau tib lub sij hawm los ntawm ib tug thib peb kev kawm, lawv yog muaj sib npaug nyob rau hauv qhov ntau. Tsiv li nrog tus ceev tib yam, ib lub sij hawm yav dhau los ib tug nyob ruaj ruaj thiab lwm yam - los ntawm ib tug mus kwv, cov tib deb yog ua kom tiav thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm luv, thiab ib nrab ntawm nws. Indivisible lub sij hawm ntawd thaum qhov no yuav tsum ob zaug kom ntau li ntau nws tus kheej. Nws yog qhov tseeb tsis yog. Nws yuav tsum yog divisible los yog yuav tsum tau divisible thiab indivisible ib feem ntawm ib qhov chaw. Txij li thaum Zeno tsis ib los yog cov lwm yam tsis pub, nws xaus, yog li ntawd, hais tias lub zog yuav tsis tau xeeb tsis muaj ib tug teeb meem. Hais tias yog, nws tsis muaj nyob.

Qhov xaus ntawm tag nrho cov paradoxes

Qhov xaus uas tau ua los ntawm tag nrho cov paradoxes formulated nyob rau hauv them nyiaj yug ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm Parmenides, Zeno, yog hais tias ntseeg peb ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug muaj zog thiab ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov pov thawj ntawm cov tsis totaub tsis pom zoo nrog cov nqe lus ntawm yog vim li cas, hais tias ib tug contradiction nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej tsis muaj, thiab yog li ntawd, yeej muaj tseeb tiag. Cuav nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsum tau suav hais tias yog cov lus thiab txoj kev xav raws li lawv.

Tiv thaiv uas tau xa paradoxes?

Lub tsuas teb rau lo lus nug tiv thaiv uas Zeno raug xa mus, nws muaj tsis tau. Nws tau raug qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub point ntawm uas cov nqe lus ntawm no philosophy yog opposed los ntawm UFW "zauv atomistic" Pythagoras uas lub cev lub cev ua lub tsev ntawm geometric cov ntsiab lus thiab xav txog hais tias lub sij hawm muaj atomic qauv. Qhov no saib tam sim no muaj los ntawm UFW.

Nws twb ntseeg tau nyob rau hauv lub ancient kev lig kev cai ntawm ib tug txaus piav tswv yim yuav rov qab mus rau Plato, uas Zeno defended lub tswv yim ntawm nws tus kws qhia ntawv. Nws tw twb yog li ntawd tag nrho cov neeg uas tsis tau muab cov lus qhuab qhia uas tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub Eleatic tsev kawm ntawv (Parmenides, Zeno), thiab tau tuav raws li cov pov thawj ntawm kev txiav txim siab.

Yog li ntawd, peb tham txog leej twg yog Zenon Eleysky. Luv luv saib nws paradoxes. Niaj hnub no, kev sis caav txog cov qauv ntawm lub zog, lub sij hawm thiab qhov chaw yog nyob deb ntawm tag nrho, yog li no nthuav cov lus nug nyob twj ywm qhib.