Tsim, Zaj dabneeg
Yuav ua li cas yog lub keeb kwm qhov chaw: piv txwv thiab hom ntawm qhov chaw
Kawm keeb kwm, koj yuav tsum paub hais tias ua tau tshwm sim ntawm lub xeem kev tshwm sim thiab cov duab raws li tau piav nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv ntawm historians, muaj yog ib tug zoo intermediary. Qhov no keeb kwm qhov chaw. Cias muab, tej keeb kwm kev tshawb pib nrog nyeem tag nrho cov muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Tsuas yog los ntawm txoj kev daim ntawv pov ntawm contemporaries los yog cov neeg uas yog paub txog lub sij hawm no yuav luv, zoo retrospective reconstruction ntawm cov txheej xwm yuav tuav.
yooj yim txhais cov ntsiab lus
Yog li ntawd hais tias muaj xws li lub tswvyim ntawm "keeb kwm qhov chaw"? Cov science yuav kom hu ua tag nrho cov tseem muaj sia nyob pov thawj ntawm yav dhau los, uas tej zaum peb yuav muab ib lub hom phiaj duab ntawm dab tsi twb tshwm sim. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, muaj ntau ntau yam sib txawv classifications ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm no zoo, npaj los ntawm ob qho tib si domestic thiab txawv teb chaws historians thiab archaeologists. Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi, nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm mas soj ntsuam ntawm, keeb kwm qhov chaw? Lus Txhais ntawm ib co ntawm lawv yuav tsum muab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.
Piv txwv li, haujlwm uas yog COy Pushkarev qhia txog cov nram qab no:
• Pov thawj ntawm daim ntawv sau hom.
• Qhov tiag keeb kwm qhov chaw.
• Cov ntaub ntawv tau los ntawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ethnographic kev tshawb fawb.
• Oral kev cai uas muab rau nws los ntawm tiam mus rau tiam.
• Cov lus pov thawj.
• Zaj duab xis thiab yees duab chronicle.
• Recordings. Cov keeb kwm qhov chaw (thiab lawv cov kev faib thiab) yog tus tshiab, tab sis lawv muab rau peb lub sij hawm mus mloog cov suab lus nws ntawm cov neeg uas txiav txim siab rau txoj hmoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ib tug ob peb xyoos dhau los!
kev faib Schmidt
Tsis ntev ua ntej peb lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv 1985, S. O. Schmidt pom tias ib tug me ntsis ntxiv ncauj lus kom ntxaws kev faib tawm, txiav txim siab seb yuav siv nws hom thiab subtypes. Yuav ua li cas distinguishes nws yog lub keeb kwm qhov chaw? Kev txiav txim ntawm hom, peb muaj hauv qab no.
1. Raws li nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los cov ntaub ntawv, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj nyob rau hauv lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg: los ntawm sculptures rau tsev neeg pov tseg uas nrhiav tau thaum excavations.
2. Qhov chaw hais txog cov visual arts:
a) Cov films (thiab zaj duab xis photography);
b) nraaj (canvases, yooj yim sketches);
c) Tus duab-natural (duab zoo tib yam tsev neeg archives).
3. Qhov chaw ntawm lus hom:
a) qhov ncauj keeb kwm qhov chaw, nrog rau tag nrho dialects thiab ntau yam ntawm cov lus ntaub ntawv;
b) lus dab neeg, nrog rau tsawg kev lig kev cai, pom xwb nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw;
c) tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv sau monuments ntawm lub ntu, mus rau leej twg tej zaum lawv yuav muaj, txawm lub hom phiaj los yog tsim; Cias muab, lub bureaucratic daim ntawv teev cov ntaub ntawv yuav muab ib tug ntau npaum li cas yeej muaj tseeb thiab kev daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tshaj lub teb pom zoo siv phau ntawv los yog chronicle; mus rau tib hom kev txhawj xeeb thiab shorthand.
4. Pa keeb kwm qhov chaw ntawm kev txawj ntse. Nws sau ntawv, xa mus rau lub alchemists thiab chemists, astronomers thiab astrologers, economic contraction, thiab hais txog. D.
5. Behavioral ntaub ntawv. Cov no muaj xws tsis tsuas cov rituals thiab kev lis kev cai ntawm cov tswv yim qub pab pawg neeg, tab sis txawm neeg thiab lwm yam kev cai ntawm lub neej niaj hnub, hais tias nws keeb kwm mus rov qab mus rau lub qub txheej thaum ub kev ntseeg.
6. suab. Nrog rau qhov no hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog ib qhov tseeb: nws yog ib yam kaw soundtrack ntawm ib tug keeb kwm lub sij hawm.
Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias keeb kwm qhov chaw thiab lawv kev faib - kuj theej vague tswvyim. Raws li tshiab cia chaw thiab kis tau tus mob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tag nrho cov npe no yuav tsum txhab thiab reinterpreted. Hais tias yog dab tsi muaj keeb kwm qhov chaw.
Yuav ua li cas yuav tsum xyuam xim rau extracting ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv?
Thaum ua hauj lwm nrog rau tej pov thawj ntawm lub hnub nyoog yuav tsum tau kom nyob rau hauv lub siab ob yam tseem ceeb lub sij hawm.
1. Tseem Ceeb! yuav tsum tsis txhob coj raws li ib qhov chaw ntawm ib tug storehouse ntawm npaj cov lus teb. Koj yuav tsuas tau xwb cov ntaub ntawv uas tseem ceeb nrog regards rau uas koj tau muab thiab txuas nrog koj uas twb muaj lawm ntaub ntawv ntawm tes. Nyob rau hauv no hwm, tej zaum yuav ua tsis tshua muaj neeg tseem ceeb sau ntawv thiab cov nqe lus ntawm zoo tib yam statisticians thiab archivists, uas, txawm nws muaj khees "neeg txom nyem", feem ntau muaj ib tug ntau ntawm ntaub ntawv uas pab. Cov keeb kwm qhov chaw thiab txhua yam kev townsfolk hais "puas daim ntawv", Txawm tias tej zaum lawv yog tiag tiag priceless!
2. Nyob rau hauv tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsis muab hwj chim raws li ib lub hom phiaj thiaj yuav rau lub ntiaj teb no raws li nws yog tsim los ntawm ib tug neeg uas muaj lawv lub tswv yim. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev taw tes, uas yog tej zaum kuj overlooked, txawm los ntawm tej thiab mas scholars!
Tsis yuav unfounded rau lub xeem, cia peb piav. Siv tus naas ej sib ntaus sib tua Aleksandra Nevskogo nrog lub Swedes. Yuav pib nrog, hais tias txawm Lavxias teb sab historians ntseeg cov kev muaj tiag ntawm dab tsi tshwm sim, yog hais tias tsuas vim hais tias nyob rau hauv Swedish archives muaj tsis tau sau pov thawj ntawm uas sib ntaus sib tua.
Tej zaum lawv xav kom ntsiag to txog qhov teeb meem. Nws yog tau hais tias domestic chroniclers (ntawm "kev txiav txim los ntawm saum toj no", raws li lawv yog tam sim no paub zoo hais tias) tsuas nyob nrog kab ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig-ciam teb skirmish raws li ib tug heroic sib ntaus sib tua. Txawm nws yog, tiam sis nws yog ib txwm muaj nqis kuaj cov chaw muab los ntawm ob tog.
Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub zos keeb kwm (thiab feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe) feem ntau muaj lo lus "qhov tsaus ntuj". Tsaus tub rog, cov tub qhe tsaus nti, tsaus ntuj nti rooks sib ntaus sib tua ... Yuav ua li cas tag nrho cov no txhais li cas? Yog hais tias koj pib los ntawm lub Mongolian tumens, lub "qhov tsaus ntuj" yog hais txog cov xov tooj ntawm cov tub rog ntawm 10 000. Thiab yog dab tsi, thaum lub sij hawm uas tib sib ntaus sib tua nrog rau cov Swedes, thaum tus dej yog "qhov tsaus ntuj" ntawm lawv ships, los txhua lub nkoj uas hais tias lub sij hawm? Tsis yog. Ntawm no yog peb tuaj mus rau lwm lub nam - los txhais lus.
rau tus txhais lus los ntawm
Lo lus no txhais tau hais tias sim kom paub tseeb seb yog dab tsi raws nraim tus sau muab tso rau hauv txhua txhua tus paub ntawm cov lo lus thiab cov kab zauv uas muaj nyob hauv nws cov hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv lub heev kev txhais, muaj peb qho tseem ceeb sib nrauj.
1. Ua ntej, ib haiv neeg twg los ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov txoj kev ua tus keeb kwm ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb heev, yeej tsis muaj ib lo lus tsis tau ntseeg hais tias cov ntaub ntawv, uas tau muab muaj.
2. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog tus Neeg Nruab Nrab (transcriber, lub tshuab txhais), nws yog ib pab tau them sai sai rau nws cov lus thiab txhais lus (yog tias muaj). Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog ib qhov tseem ceeb coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov zoo tshaj ntawm xws tshuaj, uas nyob rau kev tsim nyog ntawm cov editor.
3. Thaum kawg, koj tus kheej nkag siab thiab txhais lus ntawm cov qhov chaw.
Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no cov ntaub ntawv, tus kws tshawb fawb mus ncaj qha mus rau lub tsom xam ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv. Nws tseem ceeb heev yuav tsum tau mus nrhiav nyob rau cov txheej xwm ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm contemporaries, tus uas cov era yog kiag li haiv neeg. Cov soj ntsuam yuav tsum muab lawv tus kheej ntsiab txhais ntawm lub cia siab rau ntawm lub qhov chaw, cia siab rau peb tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv thiab ua tau thov lawv los mus tiv thaiv lawv txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lwm cov kws tshawb fawb.
Nco ntsoov hais tias tej keeb kwm qhov chaw, piv txwv uas koj coj, yuav tsum muaj xwb tsis hais lus, tab sis kuj muab teev!
Nws yog tshwj xeeb yog ib qho tseem ceeb los qhia cov tom qab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, mus nrhiav tau tawm txog, ncaj qha los yog kov, raws li tus sau ntawm "ntawm cov kab". Nws yog tsim nyog los noj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov kev sib nrauj thiab tau txhais ntawm cov nqe lus muaj nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw. Kom nws yooj yim rau to taub, xav txog qhov "opium ntawm cov neeg."
Yuav ua li cas koom haum ua teb xws ib qho kev qhia yuav ua ib tug niaj hnub tus txiv neej? Tsuas yog qhov tsis zoo. Meanwhile, thaum pib ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, lub heroin muag nyob rau hauv pharmacies raws li ib tug "hnoos dauv", thiab txawm opium los ntawm ancient sij hawm twb xam tau tias yog yuav luag lub ntsiab painkiller uas yuav pab muaj mob. Koj pom qhov txawv? Thawj qhov twg los tau nyiaj ua lag luam nyob rau hauv cov lus no rau lub caij nyoog rov qab mus rau lub tam sim no tus nqi.
synthesis
Tsuas yog tom qab sib sau ua ke tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv uas koj yuav tau pib kom generalize lawv ua hauj lwm rau ib tug xaus. Tag nrho cov no yog hu ua synthesis. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kauj ruam, vim hais tias txawm nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau muaj tseeb tiag, yog thiab txhim khu kev qha ntaub ntawv yuav muab tso tawm kom thaum tag nrho cov neeg uas nrhiav tau, uas yuav muaj tau yuav tsum tau.
Variability ntawm qhov chaw, nyob ntawm seb lub keeb kwm lub sij hawm
Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias qhov chaw yog tiav nyob rau hauv sij hawm sib txawv ntawm cov keeb kwm, dais cov imprint ntawm txhua lub hnub nyoog. Thiab qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug metaphorical qhia, raws li nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm sib txawv ntawm cov keeb kwm tau txais ib tug txawv mus kom ze raws li txoj kev kawm thiab tus txhais lus los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.
Piv txwv li, ntaub ntawv rau hauv lub 17th thiab 18th centuries peev xwm yuav txawv los ntawm tej yam ntau dua los yog tsawg kawm ntawv tus neeg, raws li txoj kev hloov muaj cai nyob rau hauv lawv cov style.
Yog li ntawd, lub sij hawm no dramatically tsub kom tus nqi ntawm cov documentary pov thawj, tab sis cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv yog lom zem ntau simplified. Tab sis ntau npaum li cas ib qho tseem ceeb yog qhov tseeb hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ntawm cov thawj tsos ntawm tiag loj heev qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm uas yuav twb muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem rau cov theem ntawm cov pejxeem, uas muab ib tug active ib feem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, nws los yuav luag mus rau lub neej tshiab nimno lub siab statistics thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Kaum Ob Lub Hlis accountability.
Tag nrho cov ntawm cov keeb kwm qhov chaw, pab pawg neeg uas peb tau piav saum toj no, yog tsis tau tsuas yog txaus txhim khu kev qha, tab sis kuj tsis tshua muaj lub hom phiaj, uas nyob rau hauv keeb kwm foundations - frustratingly tsis tshua muaj kev zam.
Periodicals thiab journalism muaj nyob rau ntawd era tej zaum ntau cawv tshaj li tag nrho lub tsev muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub nce qib ntawm tej lub tswv yim. Nws pib ntau li tus kheej qhov chaw, memoirs thiab cov ntawv sau txog. Qhov no yog tsis tshua muaj ib qho tseem ceeb tsuas vim hais tias ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias peb tau pom hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim kom muaj cov kev personalities ntawm cov keeb kwm sij hawm, mus soj ntsuam cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lawv cov worldviews.
Lavxias teb sab paradox
Piv txwv li, ib co historians xa mus rau ib qhov teeb meem nyob qhov twg tshaj plaws ancient keeb kwm qhov chaw 13-14 centuries nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws kawm qhov twg qhov zoo tshaj plaws qhov chaw ntawm thaum ntxov thiab nruab nrab xyoo pua 20th. Txawm li cas los, tsis muaj dab tsi paradoxical txog qhov no yog tsis zoo tag nrho.
Tag nrho peb cov raug kev txom nyem Hwj chim tau tej peb revolutions, cov plaub loj kev tsov kev rog (tsis suav cov tsis muaj nyiaj ntawm lub zos tshwm sim) rau ib puas xyoo. Tag nrho cov no tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm tsib tsoom fwv cov chaw uas ua tau zoo txhua lwm yam. Tsis txhob hnov qab txog lub zoo kawg li economic transformation, uas tau raug cim los ntawm lub sij hawm no, tsis Stolypin kho, tej nuj nqis cov kev siv ntawm cov tib Krasnoyarka HPP nyob rau hauv cov xyoo tsuas muaj tsis muaj analogues txawv teb chaws.
Qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv 1905 tshuav lub teb chaws tshaj plaws nyob deb-pom cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub puas qhov twg koj yuav nrhiav tau ib tug txaus ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab meej txoj hau kev ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Nyob rau hauv 1918-1924 nyob rau hauv cov qub thiab tshiab ntiaj teb emigrated tsis tau tsuas yog muaj sij hawm los khiav cov muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg thiab cov intellectuals, tab sis kuj qub ntawm UFW ntawm cov Bolsheviks, uas nws views ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog fundamentally sib txawv ntawm txhua lwm yam.
Yuav ua li cas cov ntaub ntawv yog nqi ntau tshaj rau txoj kev tshawb no?
Kuv ntxub lees, tab sis, thaum tam sim no, muaj ntau zaum nrog ib tug tej tsis sib ntseeg thiab tsis ntseeg tau pib yog PatientsÕ ua, chaw ua hauj lwm cov ntaub ntawv, periodicals. Txawm li cas los, tsis muaj tsawg tug coj txawv txawv nws yog qhov tseeb hais tias lub memoirs uas muaj ntau soj ntsuam ntawm yog dab tsi yuav luag raws li ib tug tshwm sim los ntawm nyob rau qhov siab, qhov kawg qhov tseeb. Qhov no tus cwj pwm - ib tug tag nrho cov kev ua yuam kev, vim hais tias cov neeg uas muaj ntau yam keeb kwm yuam kev thiab inaccuracies.
Tag nrho cov keeb kwm qhov chaw thiab hom yuav tsum ntxub thiab tsom xam nyob rau hauv kom meej nyob rau hauv txhua txhua rooj plaub!
Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias memoirs yuav tsum tau kev raws li ib tug txhob txwm documentary, txawm tias ib tug heev ib hom ntawv nyeem, lawv lub hom phiaj yog tej zaum ib tug lossis loj teeb meem. Cov tib Skorzeny nyob rau hauv nws memoirs solemnly tshoov cov "zoo intentions" ntawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees, tab sis ntseeg hais tias nws yog tsawg kawg yog tsis yooj yim.
Ib hom ntawv nyeem puas
Puas - ib tug me ntsis txawv cov ntaub ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm feem ntau yuav tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv lub reconstruction ntawm ib tug keeb kwm kev tshwm sim, raws li lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam cov views ntawm tej zaum kiag random neeg. Txawm li cas los, tsis yog txhua yam li tej yam yooj yim, vim hais tias raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv qhov puas ntawm cov neeg no feem ntau kis tau lawv lub ntiaj teb los ntawm lub taw tes ntawm view justifies txhais tes, yog hais tias tsis ntsiag to txog cov ntsiab lus ntau.
Cias muab, raws li cov memoirs thiab puas - ib tug txhob txwm subjective cov ntaub ntawv, uas yuav tsum tau kho nrog lub siab tshaj plaws ceev faj thiab ib tug tseem ceeb heev qhov muag. Qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug drawback, rau lwm cov tes, kev kawm cov chaw no, koj muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug kiag li yeej muaj tseeb duab ntawm lub cwj pwm zoo ntawm lub keeb kwm lub sij hawm. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, koj nyob nraum tsis zoo li yuav tsum tau nqa tawm xws li kev tsom xam, kev kawm lub bureaucratic cov ntaub ntawv.
Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tsom xam ntawm memoirs
Txawm nws yog, nws memoirs yog feem ntau ib tug tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, uas tsis saib tsis xyuas - outright stupidity. Feem ntau, ib tug neeg yog ua tiag tiag, leej twg sau tau lawv, nws tau yooj yim yuav muaj tseeb los ntawm muab piv rau cov cwj pwm zoo ntawm cov xyoo thiab sau ntawv.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb thiab qhov kev piav qhia ntawm tus kwv: ib tug neeg los yog cov kev tshwm sim uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm (los yog nyob rau hauv cov xyoo) tim khawv. Qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov nuj nqis yuav tsum tau mus nrog rau kev ceev faj, txij li thaum tej ntaub ntawv yog ua txhua yam rau yuav mas subjective, tab sis cov txheej xwm (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas twb tsis muaj direct piv) yog feem ntau piav heev ho. Yog li ntawd, yuav ua li cas ua tau ib tug mus kom ze rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub memoirs?
Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas koj paub txog tus neeg uas sau lawv. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nws yog zoo dua rau siv ntau yam, thiab yog hais tias ua tau - "nyob" tseem ciaj sia puas ntawm nws lub contemporaries. Cov yav tas yog tshwj xeeb yog ib qho tseem ceeb vim luag yeej yuav tso cai rau nti qhia hais tias tus neeg sau ntawm ib tug luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm cov txheej xwm: nws yeej yog tsis muaj ab tsi ntxiv los yog coj lawv ncaj qha kev koom tes.
Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, koj yuav tsum nruab ib tag nrho cov tau qhov chaw ntawm tus neeg sau ntawv txoj kev paub. Heev feem ntau, nws yog los ntawm no txoj kev qhia candid liars uas sim usurp lub laurels ntawm tus naas ej thiab tsawg nto moo contemporaries.
Tsis tshua muaj neeg tseem ceeb cov teeb meem yog qhov tseeb hais tias daim ntawv thov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau qhov puas. Piv txwv li, qhov no mus kom ze yog heev cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov legendary Wrangel. Muaj ntau ntawm cov lus tseeb ntawm lub sij hawm irretrievably poob los yog distorted, yog li ntawd cov ntaub ntawv ua tsuas transcendent nqi.
Yuav luag tag nrho cov tib tiag tiag, yog hais tias peb tham txog kev puas ntawm cov legendary tus ntxhais ntawm P. A. Stolypina, uas siv rau daim ntaub ntawv rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv rau kev siv av, uas tau ua los ntawm nws tus txiv. Txawm li cas los, Yog hais tias Wrangell muaj nyob rau hauv koj puas cov kev nyab xeeb rau lawv tus kheej, cov ntaub ntawv sau npe nyob rau hauv lub memoirs ntawm nws tus ntxhais Stolypin peb tshuav lub publishing tsev "Kawm", uas xam tau tias yog hais tias cov ntaub ntawv yeej xav nyob rau hauv partisan nyeem ntawv. Raws li koj tau pom, lub publishing tsev neeg ua hauj lwm tau zoo kiag li.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias censorship nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv los yog lwm yeej ib txwm muaj ib tug qhov chaw: .. Yog hais tias muaj yog tag nrho poob lawm ntawm lub teb chaws tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv kev ntxhov siab lub sij hawm, cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, thiab thiaj li qhov zoo tshaj plaws censor yog ntshai rau nws lub neej. Yog li ntawd nco ntsoov mus soj ntsuam cov sij hawm uas qhov no los yog lwm yam ntaub ntawv - heev feem ntau tus sau hais ib co moments xws li, tab sis yeej ib txwm (nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus teb) yog rov qab mus rau lawv dua thiab dua, ua tej yam allusions rau nws taw tes ntawm view.
Hais tias yog dab tsi lub keeb kwm qhov chaw. Peb cia siab hais tias kev nyeem ntawv no tsab xov xwm yuav pab tau rau koj.
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