Yuav ua li cas yog cov nroj tsuag? Uas pawg ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag muaj?

Xwm yog heev ntau haiv neeg, muaj ntau lab tus hom tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov kab mob no nyob rau hauv txawv ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Raws li cov taxonomy, lawv muab faib ua ob empires: non-cellular thiab cellular. Cov yav tas los muaj xws li xwb cov kab mob, thiab lub thib ob pab pawg neeg, nyob rau hauv lem, theem ua ke ob thawj: prokaryotes (kab mob uas nws lub hlwb muaj nuclei, namely archaea thiab cov kab mob) thiab eukaryotes (lub nucleus yog tam sim no). Paub rau peb cov tsiaj thiab paj mus rau lub thib ob hom. Eukaryotes raug muab faib ua tsib kingdoms: chrome, protists, tsiaj txhu, fungi thiab nroj tsuag. Nws yog hais txog yav dhau los thiab yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag

Yog tsis muaj lawv nws tsis yooj yim sua xav txog tej yam lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj chaw. Nroj tsuag ua ib qho tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi - ntawm photosynthesis nyob rau hauv uas cov pa yog hloov zuj zuj. Nws yog vim cov kab mob no, lub ntiaj teb huab cua los ua dab tsi peb paub nws hnub no - nrog ib tug high school cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa thiab ozone pob, tiv thaiv nws los ntawm cov teeb meem los ntawm ultraviolet tawg.

Lawv kuj pab raws li ib qho tseem ceeb qhov chaw ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm yuav hais tau kom "pub" rau tag nrho cov ntiaj chaw, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv tej khoom noj khoom haus saw, lawv yog cov thawj txuas.

scientific kev faib

Txhua xav paub dab tsi yog cov nroj tsuag, thiaj li cia tus pib nrog lub fact tias peb xav txog lawv kev cais.

Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog muab faib ua ob yam loj xws li: siab thiab qis. Cov yav tas muaj xws li algae (plaub departments: liab, xim av, xiav thiab ntsuab). Ntau dua cov nroj tsuag muaj xws li rau kev sib cais: lycopsids, Horsetail, kis Moss, fern, gymnosperms thiab angiosperms (flowering nroj tsuag). Classification ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog raws li nram no: Pem hauv ntej - chav kawm ntawv - thiaj - tsev neeg - genus - hom.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov nroj tsuag

Ces dab tsi yog cov nroj tsuag txij ancient sij hawm xav muaj coob tus neeg - ob qho tag nrho zaum thiab cia li mas personalities.

Hu ua tus "txiv ntawm botany" Tsim nyog tus ancient Greek paub txog Theophrastus, uas nyob rau hauv 370-285 xyoo. BC. e. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj uas pib mus tshawb cov npe rau uas muaj cov nroj tsuag. Nws faib lawv mus rau hauv nyias pawg raws li lawv cov tsos, flowering lub sij hawm thiab thiaj li nyob. D.

Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug loj kev tshawb txuam nrog nroj tsuag, ua Roman kawm Dioscorides. Nws nyob hauv lub thawj ib puas xyoo BC. e. Nws yus tus kheej li kev ua hauj lwm, uas qhia txog cov khoom ntawm txog rau tshuaj ntsuab.

Tus kws tshawb fawb uas tsim thawj kev faib ntawm tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob, yog Karl Linney. Nws lub neej ntawd kub ntev li ntawm 1708 mus 1778 nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm "Systema Naturae" thiab tam sim no cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv uas muaj cov nroj tsuag. Flowering nws systematized los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm Stamens nyob rau hauv lawv.

Tsis tas li ntawd zoo heev soj ntsuam uas tau mob siab rau lawv tej hauj lwm tsob nroj txoj kev tshawb no, yog Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778-1841). Nws yus tus kheej li kev ua hauj lwm "precursor ntuj zaub nceeg vaj system", uas qhia txog txog 60 txhiab tus ntau hom.

Tsis tas li ntawd ib tug zoo pab rau science los ntawm Adolf Gustav Heinrich Engler (1844-1930), uas twb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho ntawm tsob nroj cais. Nws muaj tej hauj lwm xws li cov "natural system ntawm nroj tsuag tsev neeg", "zaub nceeg vaj", "Program ntawm flowering nroj tsev neeg" tau tsim nyob rau hauv nrog lwm yam botanists. Lawv piav nyob rau hauv kom meej uas pawg ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub kev faib tawm, Engler kuj koom phytogeography. Npe hu rau nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam yog cov "Av tsuag" nyob rau hauv kaum tsib tagnrho, thiab "lub ntiaj teb no ntawm East Africa cov nroj tsuag thiab surrounding cheeb tsam."

Kawm kom paub txog qhov sib txawv cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov nroj tsuag

Txhua tsob nroj department yog muab faib mus rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawv. Lycopsids tsuas muaj ib zaug xwb ntawm tib lub npe. Los ntawm Horsetail hais txog cov hoob kawm equisetopsida. Kis Moss muab faib mus rau hauv sphagnum, pom, Andreeva, politrihovye, tetrafisovye, takakievye mosses. Lub fern department muaj xws li cov eponymous chav kawm ntawv thiab salvinievye thiab psilotovidnye. Gymnosperms ua ke ginkgovidnye, sagovnikovye, gnetophyta thiab ntoo thuv los yog conifer.

Cov chav kawm ntawm flowering nroj tsuag: dicotyledons thiab monocotyledons. Qhov no muaj xws li feem ntau ntawm peb ib txwm muaj. Tus thawj cov hoob kawm muaj xws li taum, Rosaceae, birch, Walnut, taub dag, willow, kaus, raws li zoo raws li ntau lwm tsev neeg. Qhov thib ob - Lily, orchid, cereal, txiv tsawb, dos, iris, xibtes thiab lwm tus neeg.

Classification ntawm cov nroj tsuag los ntawm cov qauv ntawm lawv cov vegetative qhov chaw

Nyuam qhuav pib rau txoj ntsiab cai no muaj peb pab neeg: cov grasses, fab thiab cov ntoo. Tam sim no cov nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm yuav muab faib ua xya lub neej-cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov no nyom, succulents (heev fleshy stems, uas muaj loj nyiaj ntawm cov dej, no muaj xws li cactus, paam dlev, Kalanchoe, agave, etc.), hmab, fab, shrubs, ntoo.

Lwm yam txoj kev cog kev faib

Lawv muaj peev xwm kuj yuav muab faib ua kev cai, cov tsiaj qus thiab weeds. Thawj - cov nroj tsuag uas yog zus los ntawm tus txiv neej rau tej yam hom phiaj, lawv muaj peev xwm kuj yuav systematized. Paub soj ntsuam NI Vavilov sau hais txog dab tsi ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag muaj. Cov npe no yog nthuav thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Cultivated nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm yuav muab faib ua kaum peb pab pawg. Nyob rau lawv yuav tsum tau tham hauv qab no.

Yog li ntawd uas pab pawg neeg ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag muaj?

• Inulinonosnye. Nroj tsuag uas muaj ib tug polysaccharide hu ua "inulin". Qhov no tshuaj yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, thiab yog siv raws li ib tug qab zib hloov rau diabetics. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li Dahlia, chicory, Jerusalem artichoke.
• Zhirnomaslichnye. Cov no yog cov nroj tsuag uas yog siv rau cov sib txawv roj. Cov no muaj xws paj noob hlis, noob hnav, rapeseed, Safflower, thiab hais txog. D.
• Khoom noj khoom haus: sochnoplodnye, ntoo tverdoplodnye thiab tus hluas noob. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li pears, apples, plums, apricots, txiv quav ntswv nyoos, currants, hazel, lws suav, xibtes ntoo, thiab hais txog. D.
• Protein. Nroj tsuag nrog ib tug muaj protein ntau cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Qhov no kua, taum mog, taum, lupins, lwm yam legumes.
• Krahmalonosnye. Qhov no feem ntau qos yaj ywm, pob kws, oats, hom qoob mog, buckwheat, mov, millet, rye, sorghum, yams, qab zib qos yaj ywm.
• Fiber. Nroj tsuag uas yog siv rau zus tau tej cov filaments. Qhov no paj rwb, hemp, flax, jute.
• Cov piam thaj. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li tsuas pas nrig thiab beets.
• Zaub. Qhov no lws suav, dib, taub, eggplant, kua txob, zaub qhwv, carrots, radishes, kav zaub, zaub txhwb qaib, qij, dos, eggplant thiab tshaj.
• Stimulating thiab narcotic. Qhov no tshuaj yej, kas fes, cocoa, haus luam yeeb, poppy thiab lwm tus neeg.
• Pub. Cov no muaj xws clover, turnips, turnip, rutabaga, alfalfa.
• Ntawm roj hmab. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li Hevea, wormwood, dandelion, milkweed.
• Ntoo engineering thiab pharmaceuticals. Cov no muaj xws eucalyptus, cinchona, xyoob.
• Hniav. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li roj hmab nroj tsuag, roses, maples, ib co hom ferns thiab xib teg, kuj no yuav ranked thiab houseplants.

Nyob rau dab tsi yog cultivated nroj tsuag, kawm tau los ntawm cov phau ntawv Zhukovskogo P. M. "Cultivated nroj tsuag thiab lawv cov txheeb ze," sau nyob rau hauv 1964.