Tshuaj tsevneeg thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm nws tsim

Tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus - nws yog ib tug heev complex tswvyim, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev lub sij hawm raws li nyob rau hauv cov lus qhuab qhia thiab cov tswv yim hais txog cov qauv ntawm cov atom. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv centuries XVI -XVII yog cov thawj sim piav qhia cov tshuaj zoo sib thooj raws li nyob rau hauv lub corpuscular lus qhuab qhia. Boyle xav hais tias tsav tsheb quab yuam ntawm tshuaj tshua yog lub coincidence hais nyob rau hauv lub xauv-tseem ceeb hom, t. E. atoms yog "mus" thiab "to taub" rau tshiab tshuaj. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub XVIII caug xyoo. hloov tus neeg kho tshuab kev tshawb xav los dynamic, uas yog ib tug supporter ntawm Newton. Nws ntseeg hais tias qhov ua rau ntawm lub tshuaj zoo sib thooj yog tus quab yuam ntawm attraction ntawm txawv siv. Nyob rau hauv lub XIX caug xyoo. Nws pib electrochemical lub sij hawm. Thaum lub sij hawm no, ib tug German chemist Kekulé tswv yim hais tias lub valence yog sib npaug zos rau cov xov tooj ntawm atoms ntawm tshuaj bonds. Siv no assertion steel sawv cev rau cov yam ntxwv qauv ntawm lub lwg me me nyob rau hauv uas dashes xws tshuaj bonds. Nws yog tag nrho cov prerequisites rau tus piav txog lub tswvyim ntawm "cov tshuaj sib txuas lus", uas yog kiag li tsim tsuas yog tom qab lub foundations ntawm cov electron. Nws twb hypothesized tias tom qab uas cov tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm lub zog los yog ua haujlwm ntawm electrons los ntawm ib tug atom mus rau lwm lub. Thaum lub sij hawm, qhov no scientific assumption twb pom zoo thiab yog tam sim no siv los ntawm thov hais tias ib yam tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus yog tsim los ntawm tus sis ntawm electrons thiab nuclei ntawm lub atoms uas yog ib feem ntawm lub lwg me me.

Piav qhov kev sib txuas lus yuav pab ib tug hydrogen atom. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nws muaj ib tug unpaired electron, uas yog tus thawj muaj zog. Thaum ob tug hydrogen atoms ntawm ib tug ntawm lawv pib nyiam electrons cov tub ntxhais ntawm lwm tus, thiab vice versa. Mezhuyev atoms sis tshwm sim, qhov kev ncua deb nruab nrab ntawm lawv txo, lub kev sib nrig sib attraction yog balanced los ntawm cov repulsion ntawm lub nuclei. Cov qauv, uas tau cia li tsim, lub electron ceev yog nce. Cov ob electron huab elementary hais ua ke rau ntawv ib tug qauv hluav taws xob huab. Cias muab, cov tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub overlap ntawm electron orbitals ntawm txawv atoms vim tus sis ntawm unpaired electrons.

Txawm li cas los, tsis yog txhua txhua lub atoms INTERACTIONS. Yog li, tsis txhob sib tshooj lub electron zoo li ntawm inert gases, i.e. lawv nyob ruaj khov. Raws li txoj cai no formulated octets ntawm Lewis, uas hais tias tag nrho cov atoms ntawm hais nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus tsim yuav hloov lub tshuab hluav taws xob plhaub configuration nyob ze inert roj, los yog los ntawm attaching muab electrons.

Uas twb muaj lawm tshuaj yog ob peb hom kev sib txuas lus. Yog li ntawd, muaj yog ionic, nws yog xim hlau, covalent, pub-acceptor. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj lom tsevneeg ntawm co tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nws yog xim hlau ntsiab. Nws yog tsim los ntawm lub recoil electron 1-2 txhua atom, i.e., uas nyob ib sab hais yog "faib" electrons, uas tsim ib hom ntawm jelly. Tsis pub dhau no ib puag ncig lub hlau ions nyob.

Raws li cov foregoing, nws muaj peev xwm yuav xaus lus tias cov tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus yog ib qho kev sis raug zoo ntawm atoms, uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov kev pauv ntawm electrons los yog ib txoj kev hloov los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov elementary hais ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas mus rau lwm lub.