"Taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo": hauv lub xyoo ntawm creation thiab tus sau

Rau ntau tshaj 900 xyoo, cov Russians tau lawv cov lus qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm tus naas ej "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", lub caij nyoog hnub ntawm kev sau ntawv uas yog tseem tsis paub hais tias. Ib tug ntau ntawm controversy yog rau lo lus nug ntawm lub authorship ntawm no ua hauj lwm.

Ob peb lo lus hais txog cov myths xwb thiab keeb kwm tseeb

Kev postulates lub sij hawm yog feem ntau yuav hloov, tiam sis yog nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm physics, Science News for KIDS, biology, astronomy los yog zoo li scientific kiv puag ncig raws li cov cim ntawm tshiab tseeb, zaj dab neeg yog tsis cia li sau dua tshiab nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus tub ceev xwm los yog nyob rau hauv raws li cov hom ideology. Qhov zoo ces, niaj hnub tus txiv neej muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov sij hawm nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej mus nrhiav tau thiab muab piv rau cov lus tseeb hais txog cov txheej xwm uas tshwm sim ntau centuries thiab txawm millennia dhau los, raws li zoo raws li tau ntsib nrog cov views ntawm zaum uas tsis ua raws li tsoos ntseeg. Tag nrho cov saum toj no siv tau rau tej qho tseem ceeb rau kev to taub lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab ntawv raws li lub "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", hauv lub xyoo ntawm creation thiab cov authorship ntawm uas twb nyuam qhuav tau teb los ntawm ib co mej zeej ntawm lub scientific lub zej lub zos.

"Taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo": authorship

Los ntawm feem ntau ntawm "Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" ntawm nws cov creator yuav pom tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm XI xyoo pua nws nyob rau hauv lub Pechora Monastery. Nyob rau hauv kev, muaj ib tug ntaub ntawv hais txog tus nres Polovtsy no monastery nyob rau hauv 1096, uas nws tus kheej yog ib tug tim khawv chronicler. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev tuag ntawm tus laus John, uas pab sau ib tug keeb kwm kev ua hauj lwm, thiab tau hais tias txoj kev tuag ntawm tus mlom coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1106, uas txhais tau tias nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm tus neeg uas ua cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv yog ciaj sia.

Lavxias teb sab official science, nrog rau Soviet, txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Peter lub Great hais tias tus neeg sau ntawm tus tshiab "Tus taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" - lub chronicler Nestor. Lub hiob keeb kwm ntaub ntawv uas hais txog cov rau nws, yog tus naas ej Ipatiev chronicle, sau nyob rau hauv lub 20-ies ntawm lub XV caug xyoo. Qhov no ua hauj lwm muaj xws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib tshooj hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm "Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo," uas precedes lub mention raws li tus sau ntawm ib tug haujsam los ntawm lub monastery ntawm Pechersk. Thiab lub npe ntawm Nestor twb xub hais nyob rau hauv lub xov Crypt monks Paulikham Archimandrite Akindinov. Qhov tseeb muaj tseeb nrog qhov "Lub neej ntawm St. Anthony", kos mus txog rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub qhov ncauj sawv ntawm lub monastery.

Nestor lub Chronicler

Lub "official" sau ntawm tus tshiab "Tus taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" twb canonized los ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj, ces nws yuav tsum tau nyeem txog nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm cov neeg ntseeg. peb kawm los ntawm cov chaw no hais tias cov mlom Nestor yug nyob rau hauv Kiev nyob rau hauv 1050-ies. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm kaum xya nws nkag mus hauv lub Kiev tsua Monastery, qhov twg nws yog ib tug novice ntawm St. Theodosius. Thaum ib tug ncaj hluas uas muaj hnub nyoog, Nestor coj vows, thiab tom qab ntawd tau txais ke dis kas. Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej nws siv nyob rau hauv lub Kiev-Pechersk Lavra: ntawm no nws sau tsis tau tsuas yog lub "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", hauv lub xyoo ntawm lub tsev lag luam yog tsis paub rau tej yam, tab sis lub neej ntawm cov neeg ntseeg thiab tus naas ej Princes Boris thiab Gleb, thiab cov chaw ua hauj lwm, uas qhia txog cov thaum ntxov ascetics ntawm lub monastery. Lub tsev teev ntuj qhov chaw kuj qhia hais tias Nestor tau mus txog ib tug ripe laus muaj hnub nyoog nws tuag nyob ib ncig ntawm 1114.

Yuav ua li cas hais tias "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo"

"Taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" - lub keeb kwm ntawm peb lub teb chaws, yuav tsum vov ib tug lossis loj lub sij hawm ncua, ib tug heev kawg nplua nuj ntau yam ntawm cov txheej xwm. Cov ntawv sau pib nrog zaj dab neeg txog lub kaum ib hlis tub, ib tug neeg uas - Japheth -dostalis nyob hauv thaj av tswj xws li Armenia, teb chaws Aas Kiv, Scythia, Dalmatia, Ionia, Illyria, Macedonia, Media, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Thessaly thiab lwm tus neeg. Cov kwv tij pib qhov kev siv ntawm Babylon tug ncej, tab sis tus tswv yog npau taws xwb tsis puas lawm cov qauv no, embodying tus tib neeg muaj nuj nqis, tab sis kuj muab faib rau cov neeg "70 thiab 2 tus neeg", cov uas twb Noriko - pog koob yawg koob ntawm lub Slavs nqis los ntawm cov tub Japheth. Ntxiv mention ntawm tus Thwj Tim Andrew, uas kwv yees hais tias nyob rau hauv tus ntug dej ntawm lub Dnieper yuav lub nroog, uas yog dab tsi tshwm sim thaum lub cue tub huabtais cov kwv tij Scheck thiab Horiv nrhiav Kiev. Ib qho tseem ceeb siv kev txhawj xeeb hauv lub xyoo 862, thaum lub "Chud, Slovenes, Krivichi thiab tag nrho cov" mus rau Varangians hu rau lawv kom kav, thiab tau los rau hauv hu rau ntawm qhov peb cov kwv tij Rurik, Truvor thiab Sineus nrog cov tsev neeg thiab approximate. Ob tug ntawm cov tuaj tshiab boyars - Askold thiab dir - siv sij hawm tawm los ntawm Novgorod rau Constantinople thiab pom txoj kev Kiev, nyob muaj. Ntxiv mus, "Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", hauv lub xyoo ntawm creation ntawm uas historians muaj tsis tau mus tshab, qhia zaj dab neeg ntawm lub reign ntawm Oleg thiab Igor, thiab qhia zaj dab neeg ntawm kev cai raus dej ntawm Rus. Cov zaj dab neeg xaus nrog tus txheej xwm ntawm 1117.

"Taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo": lub keeb kwm ntawm cov khoom no

Nestorovskaya chronicle los ua lub npe hu tom qab Peter lub Great nyob rau hauv 1715 kom ua ib daim ntawv nrog Radzivilovskogo daim ntawv teev cia nyob rau hauv lub Koenigsberg tsev qiv ntawv. Txuag cov ntaub ntawv, paub qhia meej tias tus huab tais cov xim rau no sau kos Yakov Bryus - cwm pwm, zoo kawg li nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev. Nws muab kev kho Radzivilovskogo daim ntawv teev rau hauv niaj hnub lus Vasily Tatishchev, uas twb mus sau cov keeb kwm ntawm Russia. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tus tshiab koom nyob rau hauv xws zoo-paub zaum li A. Shleptser, P. M. Stroev thiab A. A. Shahmatov.

Nestor lub Chronicler. "Taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo": Ib tug saib A.Shahmatova

Ib tug tshiab saib lub "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" twb npaj siab nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov. Nws sau yog tus renowned paub txog A. A. Shahmatov uas pom tias thiab substantiated "tshiab keeb kwm" ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yuav raug nplua cov nqe lus nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm lub fact tias nyob rau hauv 1039 lub Kiev vault yog tsim nyob rau hauv Kiev rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub Byzantine Vaj Keeb Kwm thiab lub zos dab neeg, uas yuav tsum tau suav hais tias yog hiob daim ntawv ntawm no zoo nyob rau hauv Russia. Thaum tib lub sij hawm tau sau nyob rau hauv Novgorod Novgorod Chronicle. Nws yog nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov ob tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1073 Nestor thawj tsim thawj Crypt vault, ces ib tug thib ob thiab thaum kawg tus "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo".

"Taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" sau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab monk los yog ib tug Scottish None?

Lub ob xyoo lawm tau nplua nuj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov keeb kwm nov ntawm nqaij tawv. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv kev ncaj ncees nws yuav tsum tau hais tias ib co ntawm lawv tsis tau pom pov thawj scientific. Piv txwv li, niaj hnub no muaj yog ib tug ntseeg tau hais tias lub "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", hauv lub xyoo ntawm creation yog tsuas yog kwv yees li lub npe hu, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tsis sau nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1110 thiab 1118 xyoo, thiab rau centuries tom qab. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, txawm lub official historians lees paub hais tias Radzivilovsky daim ntawv teev t. E. Ib daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau, uas yog qhab nia rau nrog authorship ntawm Nestor, yog ua nyob rau hauv lub XV xyoo pua thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm dai kom zoo nkauj nrog heev heev Miniatures. Ntxiv mus, Tatishchev sau "Keeb kwm ntawm Russia" tsis txawm nrog nws, thiab nrog tus kheej ntawm no ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub kawm lus, tus neeg sau ntawm uas, tej zaum, nws yog Yakov Bryus - zoo-tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm tus huab tais ntawm Scotland Robert ntej. Tab sis qhov no kev tshawb xav yog devoid ntawm tej loj ua neeg ncajncees.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub ntsiab essence ntawm cov ua hauj lwm Nestorovskogo

Cov kws txawj uas tuav ib tug kev pom ntawm tej hauj lwm ntaus nqi mus rau Nestor lub Chronicler, ntseeg hais tias nws yog tsim nyog mus nrhiav pov thawj autocracy li cov tsuas daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv Russia. Ntxiv mus, nws yog ib qhov ntawv sau txo nws hwj xaus rau qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov tsis kam ntawm cov "laus gods", taw tes rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv raws li qhov tsuas yog txoj kev ntseeg tseeb. Nyob rau hauv nws, thiab yog nws cov ntsiab essence.

"Taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" - qhov no yog qhov tsuas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas qhia txog cov canonical version ntawm lub ua kevcai raus dej ntawm Russia, tag nrho cov so yog cia li txuas rau nws. Qhov no nyob ib leeg yuav tsum ua zoo li zoo koom nyob rau hauv nws cov kev tshawb no. Thiab nws yog "Tus taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", uas nws cov yam ntxwv yog saws nyob rau hauv lub official historiography hnub no yog ua teb, yog thawj qhov chaw qhia rau peb hais tias lub Lavxias teb sab princes los ntawm Rurik. Rau txhua keeb kwm ua hauj lwm yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev creation hnub. "Taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", uas muaj exceptional tseem ceeb rau lub Lavxias teb sab historiography, muaj yog tsis muaj leej twg. Ntau precisely, tam sim no tsis conclusive pov thawj uas txawm hais kom meej xyov xyoo no nws twb sau. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tshiab discoveries uas tej zaum yuav tau tso ib co teeb rau qhov tsaus ntuj nti nplooj ntawv ntawm peb keeb kwm.