Cue, Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Kiev: ib tug biography thiab keeb kwm pov thawj

Tub huabtais Kyi - lub legendary founder ntawm lub nroog ntawm Kiev, uas los ntawm lub centuries ua qhov chaw ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab xeev. Raws li rau cov kev muaj tiag ntawm tus neeg no mus taug kev ib tug ntau ntawm controversy: ib co historians ntseeg tias nws ua hauj lwm yog kiag li legendary, lwm leej lwm tus hais tias cov lus dab neeg tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm real-lub ntiaj teb no cov txheej xwm. Yog li ntawd leej twg yog tus tub huabtais Kyi? Biography, ntau yam versions ntawm nws lub neej, raws li zoo raws li lawv txhais tau cov kev kawm ntawm peb cov kev sib tham.

Pov thawj ntawm lub "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo"

Tus thawj qhov chaw, uas yuav tsum tau hais nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb qhov tseeb, uas yog tseem tus tsim ntawm lub Kiev tub huabtais Kyi, ib tug chronicle "Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo".

Raws li cov chronicle cov ntaub ntawv, cov kwv tij Kyi, plhu thiab Horeb, thiab lawv tus muam Lybid zoo nkauj meadows tau koom rau cov pab pawg neeg. Puab tsaig nyob rau lub roob, uas yog hu ua nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej Schekovitsey thiab Horeb - nyob rau hauv ib lub toj, hu ua Horivitsy. Nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus dej, uas ntws mus rau hauv lub Dnieper River Lybid nws lub npe hu ua. Peb cov kwv tij thiab ib tug muam nrhiav tau lub nroog, uas yog hu ua tus hlob ntawm lawv twb muab lub npe ntawm Kiev.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub chronicler muab lwm version nrhiav ntawm lub nroog, raws li uas tus cue - tsis yog ib tug tub vaj ntxwv, tab sis ib tug yooj yim cov cab kuj nyob thoob plaws hauv Dnieper. Yog li ntawd, cov cheeb tsam no lub npe hu ua lub "tsheb thauj mus los ntawm Kiev." Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lub npe daig thiab raws li nyob rau hauv cov chaw nyob rau hauv lub nroog. Tab sis lub chronicler nws tus kheej tau refuted no version, hais tias Kyi xyuas Constantinople (lub Byzantine capital, Constantinople) thiab tau txais los ntawm huab tais, thiab ib tug yooj yim cov cab kuj ua li ntawd yuav tsis, li ntawd, nws kom meej meej - tub huabtais.

Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv lub chronicle hais tias, yuav rov qab, tub huabtais Kyi nrhiav tau rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm lub Danube ib lub zos me me, uas tau txiav txim siab los txiav txim cia. Tab sis lub City disliked aliens, thiab thiaj li cov neeg yuav tsum tau rov qab mus rau nws haiv neeg shores ntawm lub Dnieper nyob rau hauv Kiev. Cuaj kaum, nyob rau hauv Danube tshuav kev sib hais haum, uas hu ua Kievets. Cue, nws cov kwv tij thiab tus muam tuag nws nrhiav tau lub nroog ntawm Kiev.

Nws yog ib qhov dab neeg ntawm tub huabtais Kieu yog lub feem ntau authoritative.

Version Novgorod Chronicle

Novgorod Chronicle yog ib tug continuation ntawm "Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo". Cuaj kaum, nws kom meej meej hais tias lub hom phiaj tsis yog tsis muaj tub vaj ntxwv, namely tus cab kuj. Muaj kuj yog narrated hais tias nws yog ib tug ntes ntawm cov tsiaj.

Qhov no chronicle kuj uake rau ib tug kev ua si Kiya lub sij hawm - 854 xyoo. Tab sis feem ntau historians ntseeg tau hais tias yog hais tias nws muaj, nyob npaum li cas lawm. Tom qab tag nrho, nws hloov tawm hais tias cia li 28 xyoo tom qab Kiev seized Novgorod tswv xeev Oleg. Tub huabtais Kyi yog tsim kom muaj Kiev tsis pub tshaj qhov kawg ntawm lub VIII xyoo pua. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, zoo-paub Soviet historian Mihail Nikolaevich Tihomirov.

Polish chronicle ntawm Yana Dlugosha

Lub cue yog hais tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub zos keeb kwm, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws ntawm lub qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, yog ib tug mention ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub Polish Chronicle ntawm lub XV xyoo pua Yana Dlugosha. Txawm li cas los, Dlugosz, hais txog Kieu cia siab feem ntau nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tib Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm, peb tham txog saum toj no, yog li ntawd nws cov lus tseem tsis tau yog.

Yog li ntawd yuav ua li cas nws yog nyob rau hauv lub chronicle ntawm lub cue? Tub huabtais hais xwb vim lub fact tias lub npe hu txwv zeej txwv koob cov dynasty, uas kav nyob rau hauv Kiev kom txog rau thaum cov kwv tij Askold thiab dir. Tab sis lub "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo," hais tias lub caij nyoog kawg no tsis yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv Kyi thiab lub Vikings. Ntxiv mus, lub Arab Vaj Keeb Kwm thiab tej niaj hnub historians feem ntau skeptical uas Askold thiab dir yuav hloov nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, xav tias lawv yuav tsum tau ib tug txiv thiab tus tub, los yog tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov muaj feem xyuam rau txhua lwm yam neeg.

Armenian txhais

Nyob rau hauv Armenia, muaj kuj yog ib tug dab neeg uas tsis tau tsuas yog resonates nrog cov lus ntawm "Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", tab sis txawm ua hauj lwm nrog tib yam npe. Nws tuaj rau peb los ntawm lub "Keeb kwm ntawm Taron 'Zenobia Gluck (kwv yees li VI-VIII xyoo pua.). Cov lus dab neeg qhia txog ob kwv tij, uas raug yuam kom khiav tawm lawv tej vaj tse nyob rau hauv Armenia. Lub zos huab tais thaum xub thawj lawv tsis txaus siab thiab muab lub tebchaws, tab sis nyob rau hauv 15 xyoo tua, thiab cov cuab yeej muab lawv tub - Kuar, Meltem thiab Horeanu. Txhua ntawm cov kwv tij nrhiav tau lub nroog thiab hu ua nws tus kheej npe. Ntawm qhov kev koom lawv nrhiav tau ib tug pagan tuam tsev.

Lub npe ntawm cov kwv tij thiab Kuar Horean yooj yim guessed Kyi thiab Horeb. Lub nroog lub npe yog tib yam Kuar Kiev. Tab sis li cas txog cov Melteem? Lub fact tias lub npe yog txhais los ntawm Armenian li "nab." Ib tug neeg txhais lus los ntawm cov qub Slavonic lub npe muaj lub puab tsaig.

Tab sis tus piv ntawm cov Armenian thiab Slavic legends? Muaj yog ib tug version uas lawv muab ib tug ancient Indo-European lus dab neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd nws yuav qhia tau tias ob haiv neeg tau txais nws los ntawm cov Scythians.

archaeological cov ntaub ntawv

Yuav ua li cas yuav cov ntaub ntawv no yog muab piv nrog rau cov legends ntawm cov tiag tiag cov ntaub ntawv uas cov ntaub ntawv tau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm archaeological excavations? Tom qab tag nrho, tsuas yog ib tug dab neeg, paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm archeology, yuav nteg thov kom historicity.

Txawm li cas los, muaj yog archaeological pov thawj ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug kev sib hais haum rau ntawm qhov chaw uas niaj hnub Kiev nyob rau hauv lub lig V xyoo pua BC. e. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1982, conditionally officially lom 1500 xyoo ntawm tus nrhiav ntawm Kiev. Thaum lub tso ntawm kev sib hais haum nws yog nyob rau ntawm tus ciam teb nyob rau tib lub sij hawm hauv peb lub archaeological haiv neeg: kolochinskoy Penkovsky thiab Prague-korchakskoy. Tag nrho peb kev cai pab pawg, feem ntau zaum tus cwj pwm mus rau lub Slavic pab pawg neeg. Txawm ua ntej lawm, los ntawm II rau V xyoo pua rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Ukraine lub capital Kiev kab lis kev cai tau nyob. Nws yog ib tug ncaj successor ntawm kolochinskaya kab lis kev cai tau hais tseg saum toj no, thiab precursor - Zarubintsy.

Tab sis archaeologists tau pom xwb qhov seem ntawm lub niaj zaus Slavic kev sib hais haum V caug xyoo. Tsis yog tus twg uas full-fledged lub zos nrog ib tug mus tas pejxeem ces nws tsis yog. Nws yog tsuas yog pib los ntawm lub VIII xyoo pua, nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg hais tias nyob rau qhov chaw ntawm Kiev muaj yog ib tug tag nrho-fledged lub nroog uas muaj chaw tiv thaiv thiab nrog rau cov nroog txoj kev ua neej, ntawm chav kawm, tom rau lub hnub nyoog. Thaum lub sij hawm no, los ntawm VIII rau X xyoo pua, hauv qhov chaw no, thiab kab lis kev cai tshuam Volyntsevo bows raykovetskaya. Volyntsevo kab lis kev cai no feem ntau yog txuam nrog rau Slavic pab pawg neeg ntawm northerners, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub center ntawm Chernigov. Lukas-raykovetskaya kab lis kev cai yog lub successor korchak kab lis kev cai, thiab tej zaum yuav txuam nrog cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov teb uas ua tau nrhiav tau lub Kyiv, raws li cov kev tshawb xav txais los ntawm feem ntau historians. Nws yuav tsum muab sau tseg tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Volyntsevo relegated kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg zej zog mus rau lub sab hnub poob.

Nyob rau hauv 1908, tus naas ej archaeologist Hvoyka V. V. rau Laus Kiev Hill complex sab, uas nws txhais raws li ib tug pagan thaj tub huabtais Kyi. Tentatively no discovery hnub rov qab mus rau VIII-X centuries. Txawm li cas los, tom qab uas nrhiav tau Chvojka txog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm ib co ntawm cov kws txawj tau hu mus rau hauv nqe lus nug.

Kev nrhiav qhov tseeb nyob rau hauv lub Byzantine qhov chaw

Raws li hais saum toj no, nyob rau hauv "Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", nyob rau hauv Constantinople yog tus cue. Tus tub huabtais twb tau txais los ntawm lub Byzantine huab tais. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias nws tsis yog ib qho invention ntawm lub chronicler los yog cia li ib tug lus dab neeg, qhov no fact yuav tau ib tug zoo nuv, mus nrhiav seb leej twg yog tus cue thiab nyob li cas lub sij hawm nws nyob.

Ib txhia medieval historians tau txawm sim mus txuas cov kev tshwm sim nrog cov lus ntawm lub Byzantine Nikifor Grigoriev, uas nyob rau hauv lub XIII-XIV centuries. Raws li nws, thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm lub Roman Emperor Konstantina Velikogo nyob rau hauv lub IV caug xyoo, tuaj rau nws nyob rau hauv Constantinople rulers ntawm txawv teb chaws. "Tus Vajntxwv uas kav Russia" twb tseem muaj npe nyob nrog lawv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog ntaus nqi heev tiag. Nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua rau lub hauv paus ntawm no pov thawj, Byzantine, twb teev los luj xyoo nyob rau hauv Kiev - 334 tom qab Yexus Khetos.

Tab sis ib tug ntau ceev faj kom ze zaj lus tim khawv Nikifor Grigoriev tsis sawv mus scrutiny. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Konstantina Velikogo ntawm Russia yuav tsis muaj ntau yuav tsis tau, thiab lub Slavs tau tawg khiav ri niab pab pawg neeg, tsis ua ke zoo sib thooj txawm nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm lub sij hawm "Russia" nyob rau hauv nws lub IX xyoo pua, uas yog, tsib puas xyoo. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov kev tshwm sim yog tsis hais nyob qhov twg lwm tus, thiab nws, Nikifor Gregory nyob 1000 xyoo tom qab cov txheej xwm piav. Yog yuav hais txog cov greatness ntawm Konstantina Velikogo, nws sau cov lus no rau cov Embassy rau inserting lub npe ntawm Nikifor niaj hnub lub xeev.

Ntau muaj tiag yog cov los mus txuas tus founder ntawm Kiev board nrog lub sij hawm ntawm Justinian I. Nws yog ces hais tias muaj yog ib tug txiv neej, uas muaj peev xwm yuav txuam cue. Tub huabtais mus ncig mus rau Constantinople. Tej zaum nws yog ib tug tub rog phiaj los nqis tes, uas yog feem ntau ua thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub Slavic Union Antes. Ib tug ntawm lawv, Chilbudius yog txawm teem huab tais tswv xeev xeev ntawm Thrace. Ib txhia niaj hnub zaum ua kom me Chilbudius thiab Kiya. Cia nyob rau hauv lub "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" qhia hais tias tus cue "kuj zoo kawg yawm tau txais los ntawm tus huab tais." Lo lus "yawm" raws li kev hloov mus rau cov kev pab cuam meant rau cov ancient Slavs. Yog li ntawd cue yuav zoo ua hauj lwm nrog Justinian li federates los yog txawm tuav lub chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Byzantine pab tub rog, raws li Chilbudius. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub Byzantine qhov chaw muab leej txiv lub npe Chilbudius - Samvatas. Qhov no kuj yog ib tug ntawm cov npe ntawm Kiev.

Historic Chilbudius raug tua nyob rau hauv 533 nyob rau hauv ib tug sib ntaus sib tua nrog ib tug ntawm cov Slavic pab pawg neeg.

Lwm version associates Kiya nrog tus thawj coj ntawm lub Bulgarians Kubera, uas nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm VII caug xyoo.

Khazar version

Muaj kuj yog ib tug hypothesis hais tias cov cue - Kiev tub huabtais - muaj Khazar los yog Magyar keeb kwm. Qhov no version ntawm cov thawj npaj zoo-paub historian Vernadskiy G. V. Nws ntseeg hais tias Kiev twb nrhiav tau kuj lig, txog thaum 830 xyoo. Nws tshwm sim thaum lub ciaj ciam ntawm lub Khazar hwj chim yuav nce mus rau lub Dnieper. Raws li qhov no version Kyi, plhu thiab Horeb twb yog Khazars, los yog cov thawj coj ntawm lub Magyar pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm lub Khazars.

Lub npe "cue" Vernadsky derives los ntawm Turkish lo lus uas txhais tau tias dej. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub Byzantine huab tais Konstantin Bagryanorodny hu Samvatas Kiev, thiab, raws li linguists, qhov chaw-lub npe muaj ib tug Khazar keeb kwm.

Lub sij hawm ntawm

Yog li ntawd thaum nws nyob cue-Prince? Xyoo reign tsis raws nraim hu leej twg. Txawm lub hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv uas nws yog tus uas kav, yog hais tias muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb nyuaj heev hu rau. Tab sis nws yog ua tau no qhia txog ib co ntawm lub sij hawm ncej.

Raws li rau ntau yam lus tim khawv thiab txhais Kyi nyob rau hauv ib seem ntawm IV rau IX xyoo pua. Txawm li cas los, Yog hais tias koj tsis lees yuav lub feem ntau huab thiab tsis zoo li, piv txwv li, cov lus tim khawv Nikifora Grigora, peb tau txais lub sij hawm luv los ntawm VI rau VIII xyoo pua.

cov lus xaus ntawm zaum

Feem ntau cov niaj hnub kws tshawb fawb ntseeg hais tias Kia kiag li legendary. Nws lub npe lawv txhais raws li lub eponym. Qhov ntawd yog cov lus dab neeg txog Kiy, raws li kev kawm tshawb fawb, peb yuav los nrog nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muab ib tug kev piav qhia ntawm lub nroog lub npe, lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov uas twb tsis nco qab lawm.

Tab sis tseem kuv tsis xav kom los ntseeg hauv xws li ib tug boring thiab banal piav, vim hais tias cov lus dab neeg no ntau npaum li nthuav.

Cue nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kab lis kev cai

Tam sim no McDermott yog suav tias yog lub patron neeg dawb huv ntawm lub capital ntawm Ukraine. Monument rau cov founders ntawm Kiev Kyi, sab plhu, Horeb thiab Lybid yog tsim los pab nyob rau hauv 1982 mus noj peb caug lub 1500th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub founding ntawm lub nroog.

phau ntawv "Tub huabtais Kyi" sau nyob rau hauv 1980. Nws twb sau los ntawm lub Ukrainian txawj sau ntawv Vladimir Malik.

Kiy: keeb kwm thiab lus dab neeg

Nyob rau hauv lub narrative ntawm tub huabtais Kieu nws yog heev yooj yim mus cais tiag tiag zaj dab neeg ntawm cov lus dab neeg. Ntxiv mus, feem ntau historians ntseeg hais tias qhov no tswv xeev tau yeej tsis muaj.

Cuaj kaum, Kiev nroog puag yuav yeej ib txwm nyob twj ywm txuas nyob rau hauv lub minds ntawm ntau cov neeg cue - tub huabtais, uas nws lub npe los ua ib tug dab neeg.