Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho electron? Lub loj thiab them nqi ntawm ib electron

Electron - ib tug yuav tsum muaj particle, ib tug ntawm cov neeg uas yog cov yam ntxwv rau lwm ntawm qhov teeb meem. Raws li cov kev faib yog ib tug fermion (particle nrog ib nrab-ib kiv, muaj npe tom qab physicist Enrico Fermi) thiab leptons (hais nrog ib nrab-integer kiv, tsis koom nyob rau hauv lub muaj zog sis, ib qhov ntawm plaub loj nyob rau hauv physics). Baryon tooj ntawm cov electron yog pes tsawg, raws li zoo li lwm yam leptons.

Kom txog rau thaum ntev los no nws twb ntseeg tau tias lub electron - ib lub tsev, uas yog indivisible, uas muaj tsis muaj qauv ntawm ib tug particle, tab sis zaum muaj ib tug txawv lub tswv yim hnub no. Yuav ua li cas yog lub electron nyob kev nthuav qhia ntawm niaj hnub physics?

Keeb kwm ntawm lub npe

Txawm nyob rau hauv ancient Greece naturalists pom tias amber, pre-txawm lig los plhws nrog plaub, attracts tej khoom me me, xws li exhibits electromagnetic zog. Lub npe ntawm lub electron tau txais los ntawm lub Greek ἤλεκτρον, uas txhais tau tias "amber". Lub sij hawm pom George. Stoney nyob rau hauv xyoo 1894, txawm hais tias tus particle twb nrhiav tau los ntawm J .. Thompson nyob rau hauv 1897. Nws yog tsis yooj yim mus nrhiav tau qhov ua rau ntawm no yog cov me me loj thiab them nyiaj ntawm cov electron los ua kom nrhiav tau ib decisive kev. Tus thawj cov duab ntawm tus hais yog Charles Wilson nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb lub koob yees duab, uas yog siv txawm nyob rau hauv niaj hnub sim kawm thiab yog muaj npe nyob rau hauv nws yawm.

Ib tug interesting tseeb yog hais tias ib tug ntawm cov preconditions rau cov lus qhib ntawm ib tug electron yog ib tug hais tias ntawm Benjamin Franklin. Nyob rau hauv 1749 nws tsim lub hypothesis uas hluav taws xob - ib cov khoom substance. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm twb xub siv cov nqe lus xws li zoo thiab tsis zoo nqi, capacitor paug, roj teeb thiab hluav taws xob hais. Cov kev them nyiaj ntawm cov electron yog pom tias yuav tsis zoo, thiab cov proton - zoo.

Tus foundations ntawm lub electron

Nyob rau hauv 1846, lub tswvyim ntawm ib tug "atom ntawm hluav taws xob" yog siv nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, cov German physicist Wilhelm Weber. Maykl Faradey sab lub sij hawm "ion", uas yog tam sim no, tej zaum, paub tag nrho cov tseem nyob rau ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Cov nqe lus nug ntawm hluav taws xob xwm muab kev koom tes ntau eminent scholars xws li German physicist thiab mathematician Julius Plucker, Zhan Perren, cov kawm lus Askiv physicist Uilyam Kruks, Ernest Rutherford thiab lwm tus neeg.

Yog li, ua ntej Dzhozef Tompson ntse ua tiav nws nto moo xyaum ua tej yam thiab muaj pov thawj cov hav zoov ib particle me dua ib tug atom, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm ntau zaum thiab tus foundations yuav tsis yooj yim sua, lawv tsis tau ua no colossal ua hauj lwm.

Nyob rau hauv 1906, Dzhozef Tompson tau txais cov Nobel nqi zog. Kev yog raws li nram no: los ntawm thaum uas tig mus hlau phiaj qhov hluav taws xob field, cathode ray beams tau dhau lawm. Ces lawv yuav tau ua li cas rau tib txoj kev, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug kauj system los tsim ib tug sib nqus teb. Thompson pom tias thaum ib tug hluav taws xob field deflected beams, thiab tib yam yog cai nrog magnetic txiav txim, txawm li cas los beams cathode ray trajectory tsis tau hloov yog hais tias lawv ua ob yam tib si ntawm cov teb nyob rau hauv tej yam proportions, uas nyob ntawm seb lub particle tshaj tawm.

Tom qab suav Thompson kawm tau hais tias tus tshaj tawm ntawm cov hais yog ho qis tshaj cov tshaj tawm los ntawm lub teeb, thiab qhov no meant hais tias lawv muaj loj. Los ntawm no taw tes ntawm physics tau tuaj mus rau ntseeg tau hais tias lub qhib particle teeb meem muaj nyob rau hauv lub atoms uas tom qab paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm Rutherford. Nws hu ua nws "ib tug planetary qauv ntawm lub atom."

Paradoxes ntawm lub quantum ntiaj teb no

Cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi yuav muab ib qho electron nyuab txaus, yam tsawg kawg nyob rau ntawm no theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm science. Ua ntej xav tias yuav nws, koj yuav tsum tau hu ib tug ntawm cov paradoxes ntawm quantum physics hais tias txawm tus zaum yuav tsis piav. Qhov no yog lub npe nrov ob-txoj kab txiav xyaum ua tej yam, piav qhia txog lub dual xwm ntawm lub electron.

Nws essence yog tias ua ntej lub "phom", firing hais, teem ncej nrog ntsug lub qhib. Qab nws yog ib tug phab ntsa, uas yuav tsum tau cai ib co kua nplaum ntawm cov hits. Yog li ntawd, koj thawj zaug yuav tsum to taub yuav ua li cas muaj teeb meem behaves. Qhov yooj yim txoj kev uas yuav saib yuav ua li cas pib lub tshuab ntaus pob tesniv khoom. Ib feem ntawm cov hlaws dai poob rau hauv lub qhov, thiab cov ib co kua nplaum ntawm cov phab ntsa tau nyob rau hauv ntxiv nyob rau hauv ib ntsug band. Yog hais tias thaum muaj tej yam deb ntxiv lwm lub tib yam qhov ib co kua nplaum yuav tsim, ntsig txog, ob bands.

Cov tsis tseem coj txawv nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug teeb meem no. Yog hais tias lub phab ntsa yuav qhia ib co kua nplaum ntawm ib tug kev sib tsoo nrog ib tug yoj, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug qhib band yuav kuj yog ib. Txawm li cas los, tej yam no yuav hloov nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub ob slits. Wave dhau los ntawm lub qhov, muab faib nyob rau hauv ib nrab. Yog hais tias rau sab saum toj ntawm ib tug yoj raws li lub hauv qab ntawm lwm, lawv rho txhua lwm yam, thiab cov cuam tshuam tus qauv (ntau ntsug kab txaij) yuav tshwm nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa. Muab ntawm cov kev tshuam ntawm lub vuag yuav tawm ib lub cim, thiab qhov chaw nyob qhov twg muaj kev sib nrig sib quenching, tsis muaj.

amazing foundations

Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov saum no xyaum ua tej yam, zaum yuav kom meej meej ua rau lub ntiaj teb no qhov txawv ntawm quantum thiab classical physics. Thaum lawv pib tua electrons phab ntsa, feem ntau yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib ntsug cim rau nws: ib co hais ib yam li ib tug ntaus pob tesniv pob poob mus rau hauv cov kis, thiab ib txhia ua tsis tau. Tab sis hais tias tag nrho cov hloov, thaum muaj ib tug thib ob lub qhov taub. Nyob rau ntawm cov phab ntsa qhia lub cuam qauv! Thawj Physics txiav txim siab hais tias electrons cuam tshuam nrog txhua lwm yam thiab txiav txim siab los qhia rau lawv ib tug los ntawm ib tug. Txawm li cas los, tom qab ib tug ob peb teev (kev ceev ntawm tsiv electrons yog tseem tsawg tshaj cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb) rov pib qhia ib qho cuam tshuam tus qauv.

npaj txhij txog tig

Hauv, ua ke nrog lwm yam kev hais xws li photons, exhibits ib tug yoj-particle duality (kuj siv lub sij hawm "quantum-yoj dualism"). Zoo li miv Schrödinger uas ob ciaj sia thiab tuag, lub electron lub xeev yuav ua tau ob qho tib si corpuscular thiab yoj.

Txawm li cas los, cov kauj ruam tom ntej nyob rau hauv no xyaum ua tej yam muaj generated ntau heev tshaj dua mysteries: ib tug yuav tsum muaj particle, uas yeej paub txhua yam, hais ib qho zoo kawg surprise. Physicists txiav txim siab rau nruab nyob rau hauv qhov scoping ntaus ntawv mus rau xauv, los ntawm kev uas txoj kab txiav cov particle yog, thiab yuav ua li cas lawv manifest lawv tus kheej raws li tsis. Tab sis sai li sai tau raws li nws tau muab tso rau kev saib xyuas mechanism rau ntawm phab ntsa muaj tsuas yog ob tug bands coj mus rau ob qhov, thiab tsis muaj cuam tshuam tus qauv! Sai li sai tau raws li lub "shadowing" ntxuav, particle pib dua los qhia nthwv dej zog raws li yog hais tias nws paub hais tias nws yog twb tsis muaj ib tug yog menyuam.

lwm cov kev tshawb xav

Physicist Born pom hais tias cov particle tsis tig mus rau hauv ib tug yoj cia. Elektron "muaj" ib tug yoj ntawm ntau yam, hais tias nws muab ib tug cuam tshuam tus qauv. Cov hais muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm superposition, lub ntsiab lus uas lawv yuav ua tau nyob qhov twg ntawm ib yam muaj tseeb, thiab yog li ntawd tej zaum lawv yuav muaj nrog nws lus los ntawm xws li ib tug "yoj".

Cuaj kaum, qhov tshwm sim yog ib cuab kev: lub mere xub ntiag ntawm lub observer muaj feem xyuam rau lub sij hawm ntawm qhov xyaum ua tej. Nws nkawd zoo kawg, tab sis nws tsis yog tsuas piv txwv ntawm nws hom. Physics thwmsim tau nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug loj ib feem ntawm tus niam, ib zaug tus kwv uas qhov ya yog tus thinnest txhuas ntawv ci. Zaum tau muab sau tseg tias mere fact ntawm ib co ntsuas kev cuam tshuam rau qhov kub thiab txias ntawm tus kwv. Qhov xwm ntawm cov phenomena lawv piav yog tseem tsis tau nyob rau hauv kev quab yuam.

qauv

Tab sis li cas yuav muab lub electron? Thaum no tus taw tes, niaj hnub science yuav tsis teb lo lus nug no. Kom txog rau thaum ntev los no nws yog pom tias indivisible siv hais, tab sis tam sim no zaum no inclined mus ntseeg hais tias nws yog tsim los ntawm txawm me me lug.

Cov kev them nyiaj ntawm cov electron yog tseem xam tau tias yog ib tug yooj yim, tab sis yog tam sim no qhib quarks nrog fractional xwb. Muaj ntau ntau theories ua li cas yuav muab ib qho electron.

Niaj hnub no peb muaj peev xwm saib tsab xov xwm, uas hais tias cov scientists tau mus rau faib lub electron. Txawm li cas los, qhov no yog tsuas thwj ib nrab xwb.

kev kawm dua tshiab

Soviet zaum rov qab nyob rau hauv lub eighties ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem tau lam xav hais tias cov electron tej zaum yuav muab faib ua peb quasiparticles. Nyob rau hauv 1996 nws muaj kev tswj kom faib nws mus rau hauv spinon thiab Holon, thiab nyuam qhuav physicist Van qhoc chaw nkaum Brink thiab nws pab neeg raug faib mus rau hauv particle spinon thiab orbiton. Txawm li cas los, splitting yog tau mus cuag xwb nyob rau hauv tej yam tshwj xeeb. Lub xyaum ua tej yam yuav nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob uas tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj kub.

Thaum cov electrons "txias" rau tsis pes tsawg, uas yog hais txog -275 degrees Celsius, lawv yuav luag nres thiab daim ntawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv ib yam ntawm cov teeb meem, Yog hais tias cov phiajcim rau hauv ib particle. Nyob rau hauv tej yam, thiab physicists yuav soj ntsuam quasiparticles, ntawm uas "yog" ib tug electron.

muaj ntaub ntawv

Electron voos kheej-kheej yog heev me me, nws yog sib npaug zos rau ^2,81794. 10 ^-13 cm, tab sis nws hloov tawm hais tias nws Cheebtsam muaj ib tug ntau me me luaj li. Txhua lub peb qhov chaw mus rau hauv uas muaj kev tswj kom "sib faib" lub electron, yog cov lus qhia txog nws. Orbiton, raws li lub npe implies, nws muaj cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub orbital yoj particle. Spinon lub luag hauj lwm rau lub kiv ntawm lub electron, thiab Holon qhia rau peb hais txog tus nqi. Yog li, lub physics yuav nyias soj ntsuam sib txawv xeev ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv ib tug xav txias khoom. Lawv muaj kev tswj kom lw ib khub ntawm "holon-spinon" thiab "spinon-orbiton", tab sis tsis yog txhua txhua peb ua ke.

tshiab technologies

Physicist uas pheej nrhiav tau lub electron yuav tsum tau tos ob peb xyoo lawm ua ntej mus txog rau thaum lawv foundations tau thov nyob rau hauv xyaum. Niaj hnub no yees nrhiav kev siv nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos, nws yog txaus yuav tsum nco ntsoov graphene - amazing khoom uas muaj cov pa roj carbon atoms nyob rau hauv ib txheej. Lub splitting ntawm lub electron yuav pab tau koj? Zaum kwv yees hais tias tus creation ntawm ib tug quantum computer, cov kev ceev ntawm uas, raws li lawv, ib tug ob peb kaum ntawm lub sij hawm loj tshaj uas niaj hnub no feem ntau haib computers.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub pub leejtwg ntawm quantum computer technology? Qhov no yuav tsum tau hu ua ib tug yooj yim optimization. Nyob rau hauv cov pa computer, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus indivisible ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv - ib tug me ntsis. Thiab yog hais tias peb xav txog cov ntaub ntawv nrog rau tej yam nrig txog kev pom, ib yam dab tsi rau lub tsheb tsuas yog ob tug kev xaiv. Ntsis tej zaum yuav muaj xws li pes tsawg los yog ib tug, uas yog ib feem ntawm ib tug binary code.

txoj kev tshiab

Tam sim no cia tus xav txog tej yam uas nyob rau hauv ib tug me ntsis muaj thiab pes tsawg, thiab lub tsev - ib tug "quantum ntsis" los yog "Thawv muaj rau sab". Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tej yam yooj yim ntau yam yuav ua si lub kiv ntawm lub electron (nws yuav tig rau tog twg los clockwise los yog counterclockwise). Tsis zoo li yooj yooj yim me ntsis Thawv muaj rau sab tej zaum yuav ua tau ob peb zog ib txhij, thiab vim rau qhov cov kev nce yuav tshwm sim ceev, tsis tshua muaj electron loj thiab xwb yog tsis tseem ceeb no.

Qhov no yuav ua tau piav los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm lub labyrinth. Yuav kom tau tawm ntawm nws, koj yuav tsum mus sim ib tug ntau ntawm txawv xaiv los ntawm uas tsuas yog ib qho yuav tsum tau tseeb. Tsoos computer txawm daws teeb meem sai sai, tsis tau nyob ib lub sij hawm yuav tsuas ua hauj lwm rau ib tug hluas cov teeb meem. Nws enumerates tag nrho cov kev xaiv uas nyob rau hauv ib tug huam, thiab nws thiaj li pom ib txoj kev tawm. Lub quantum computer, ua tsaug rau lub duality kyubita yuav daws tau teeb meem ntau ib txhij. Nws yuav saib xyuas tag nrho cov kev xaiv yog tsis nyob rau kab, thiab nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, thiab kuj daws tau qhov teeb meem. Cov teeb meem tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kom deb li deb yog kom tau ib tug ntau ntawm cov ua hauj lwm rau quantum khoom - qhov no yuav ua tau lub hauv paus rau ib tug tshiab tiam ntawm computer.

daim ntawv thov

Feem ntau cov neeg siv ib lub computer nyob rau lub tsev neeg theem. Nrog rau qhov no hauj lwm zoo heev kom deb li deb thiab pa PCs, tab sis twv seb tej xwm txheej txhiab, tej zaum pua pua txhiab tus tsiaj ntawv, lub tshuab yuav tsum tsuas loj. Quantum lub computer raws li yooj yim tiv nrog xws li tej yam uas raws li huab cua twv ua ntej rau ib lub hlis, cov kev kho mob ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab nws twv ua ntej cov ntaub ntawv, thiab kuj yuav ua complex zauv pawg uas muaj ntau ntau yam rau ib feem ntawm ib tug thib ob, tag nrho cov nrog ib tug processor ntawm ib tug ob peb atoms. Yog li ntawd nws yog ua tau, sai sai no peb feem ntau haib computers yog daim ntawv-nyias.

Noj qab nyob zoo

Quantum lub computer technology yuav ua tau ib tug lossis loj tshab rau cov tshuaj. Noob neej yuav tau tsim nanomachinery nrog muaj zog muaj peev xwm, nrog rau lawv cov kev pab, nws yuav tau tsis tsuas mus rau kev tshawb nrhiav kab mob los ntawm tsuas yog tab tom nrhiav nyob rau ntawm lub tag nrho lub cev los ntawm lub sab hauv, tab sis kuj yuav muab kev kho mob tsis muaj kev phais: me me robots nrog "lub hlwb" lwm tshaj ib tug computer yuav ua tau tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm.

Inevitable kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm lub computer ua si. Haib tshuab uas yuav instantly daws tau qhov teeb meem, yuav tsum tau mus ua si kev ua si nrog incredibly muaj tiag graphics, nws yeej tsis nyob deb lawm thiab computer worlds nrog ib tug tag nrho immersion.