Lub solubility ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv dej thiab acids

Lub hauv paus ntawm lub tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm feem ntau lub ntsiab yog lawv muaj peev xwm yaj nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous nruab nrab thiab acids. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov yam ntxwv txuam nrog cov uas tsis muaj active tooj liab nyhuv nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob. Ib tug feature ntawm nws cov tshuaj dab yog tus tsim ntawm lub tebchaw nrog ammonia, mercury, nitric thiab sulfuric acids. Tsis tshua muaj tooj liab solubility nyob rau hauv dej yog tsis muaj peev xwm mus ua xeb dab. S xam qhovkev kev tshuaj zog, uas siv lub compound nyob rau hauv ntau yam industries.

hauj lwm caij

Tooj yog suav tias yog tus hlob ntawm cov hlau, uas kawm tau li cas yuav ua rau cov neeg ntau BC. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog npaj los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso qhov chaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ore. Tooj-hu ua tshuaj lub caij rooj nrog tus Latin lub npe cuprum, uas nws ib theem zuj zus tus xov tooj yog sib npaug zos rau 29. Nyob rau hauv lub periodic system, nws yog nyob rau hauv cov plaub lub sij hawm thiab belongs rau lub thawj pab pawg neeg.

Ntuj yam khoom uas ib tug liab-liab hnyav hlau nrog ib tug mos mos thiab malleable qauv. Qhov kub ntawm nws ib kub npau npau thiab melting ntsiab lus - 1000 ° C. Nws yog ib tug zoo neeg xyuas pib.

Cov tshuaj qauv thiab cov khoom

Yog hais tias koj nyeem cov hluav taws xob mis ntawm cov tooj liab atom, nws tseem tau mus ntes hais tias nws muaj 4 theem. Nyob rau valence 4s-orbital yog tsuas yog ib electron. Thaum lub sij hawm tshuaj tej zaum yuav cleaved los ntawm cov atom ntawm 1 mus rau 3 negatively them hais, ces tus tau tooj liab tebchaw nyob rau hauv oxidation xeev +3, +2, +1. Nws muaj nws loj tshaj stability divalent derivatives.

Nyob rau hauv tshuaj tshua, nws ua raws li ib tug tsawg-kev ua si hlau. Nyob rau hauv zoo tib yam tej yam kev mob ntawm tooj liab solubility nyob rau hauv dej yog uas ploj lawm. Nyob rau hauv qhuav huab cua xeb yog tsis pom, tab sis los ntawm cua sov rau cov hlau nto coated nrog cov dub tinge ntawm ferrous oxide. Tshuaj kuj tooj liab yog manifested los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm anhydrous gases carbon tooj ntawm cov organic tebchaw, phenol resins, thiab alcohols. Nws yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm complexation nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm dawb lias tebchaw. Tooj muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj affinity nrog ib tug alkali hlau pab pawg neeg ua txhua yam rau tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm derivatives ntawm monovalent.

Yuav ua li cas yog solubility?

Qhov no txoj kev ntawm tsim ntawm lub homogeneous systems nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem los ntawm reacting ib compound nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj. Lawv Cheebtsam yog ib tug neeg molecules, atoms, ions thiab lwm tus. Lub degree ntawm solubility yog txiav txim los ntawm lub concentration ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw, uas twb yaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm ib tug nyeem tov.

Lub tsev ntawm kev ntsuas feem ntau cov feem pua, ntim los yog yuag fractions. Lub solubility ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv dej, lwm yam zoo li tebchaw khoom daim ntawv no, raug tsuas rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv kub tej yam kev mob. Qhov no kev sib raug zoo yog qhia los ntawm cov curves. Yog hais tias lub cev yog heev me me, lub yam khoom uas yog tau hais tias yuav insoluble.

Lub solubility ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous nruab nrab

Hlau exhibits xeb kuj nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm seawater. Qhov no qhia tau nws inertness nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob. Lub solubility ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv dej (tshiab) yog xyaum tsis cai. Tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug ntub ib puag ncig thiab nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide nyob rau hauv cov hlau saum npoo tsim ntsuab tapes uas yog ib tug yooj yim carbonate:

Cu + Cu + O ₂ + H ₂ O + CO ₂ → Cu (OH) ₂ · CuCO _2.

Yog hais tias peb xav txog nws monovalent compound raws li ib tug ntsev, nws yog cai lawv me ntsis nyias mus nyias. Tej ntaub ntawv no yuav sai oxidation. Cov no ib tug divalent tooj liab compound. Cov ntsev muaj zoo solubility nyob rau hauv aqueous xov xwm. Yog lawv tsis tiav dissociation rau hauv ions.

acid solubility

Pa tshuaj tiv thaiv tej yam kev mob percolation tooj liab nrog tsis muaj zog los yog diluted acids tsis txhob ua rau kom lawv cov kev sib tshuam. Muaj tsis muaj tshuaj txheej txheem hlau nrog alkalis. Lub solubility ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv acids yuav, yog hais tias lawv muaj zog oxidizing agents. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus sis yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw.

Lub solubility ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv nitric acid

Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tau vim lub fact tias muaj yog ib tug muaj zog hlau oxidation reagent. Nitric acid diluted nyob rau hauv feeb meej daim ntawv thiab exhibits khoom uas oxidative xaus ntawm tooj liab.

Nyob rau hauv thawj embodiment yog tau thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tooj liab nitrate thiab bivalent nitrogen oxide nyob rau hauv lub ratio ntawm 75% mus rau 25%. Txheej txheem nrog nta nitric acid yuav tau piav los hauv qab no kab zauv:

8HNO ₃ + 3Cu → 3Cu (TSIS MUAJ _{3) 2} + TSIS + TSIS + 4H ₂ O.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob cov ntaub ntawv, ib tug tooj liab nitrate thiab nitrogen oxides divalent thiab tetravalent uas nws ratio ntawm 1 mus 1. Qhov no txheej txheem 1 tias ntawm cov hlau thiab 3 moles ntawm concentrated nitric acid. Thaum xaus ntawm tooj liab yog ib tug muaj zog cua sov ntawm cov tshuaj, uas ua nyob rau hauv thermal decomposition ntawm oxidant tshwm sim thiab recovering ntxiv volume ntawm nitrogen oxides:

4HNO ₃ + Cu → Cu (TSIS MUAJ _{3) 2} + TSIS ₂ + TSIS ₂ + 2H ₂ O.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siv nyob rau hauv me me-scale lawm, txuam nrog rau ua ntawm seem los yog tshem txheej pov tseg. Txawm li cas los, xws li ib tug qauv ntawm cov dissolving tooj liab muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm disadvantages txuam nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm loj nyiaj ntawm nitrogen oxides. Mus ntes los yog neutralize lawv yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb cov khoom. Cov dab yog heev kim.

Tooj xaus yog suav tias yog tiav thaum muaj ib tug tag nrho cessation ntawm zus tau tej cov volatile nitrogen oxides. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub yog hom twg los ntawm 60 mus rau 70 ° C. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog lub txos ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj reactor. Tom qab muaj me me daim hlau uas tsis tau reacted. Rau cov uas ua kua tau ntxiv dej thiab pom yog nqa tawm.

Solubility nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid

Feem ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tshwm sim. Determinant tooj liab xaus nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid, nws yog ib tug muaj zog concentration. Kua medium yuav tsis oxidize hlau. Xaus ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv feeb meej sulfuric acid hais nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm sulphate.

Cov txheej txheem qhia los ntawm cov nram qab no kab zauv:

Cu + H ₂ li ₄ + H ₂ li ₄ → CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O + li _2.

Cov khoom ntawm tooj liab sulfate

Ntsev dibasic kuj hu ua sulfate, xaiv nws raws li: CuSO _4. Nws yog ib yam khoom uas tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv tsw, seeb tsis muaj volatility. Lub anhydrous daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsev twb tsis muaj xim, nws yog opaque, muaj siab hygroscopicity. Nyob rau hauv tooj liab (sulfate) zoo solubility. Dej molecules, koom ntsev yuav tsim crystalline hydrate compound. Ib qho piv txwv yog lub sulfate ntawm tooj liab, uas yog topotecan xiav. Nws mis: CuSO ₄ · 5H ₂ O.

Crystalline hydrate xam qhovkev xiavlus zas pob tshab qauv, lawv muaj lub ntsim, nws yog xim hlau saj. Molecules yuav poob lawv cov chav dej thaum lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov zaub mov, uas muaj xws li chalcanthite thiab butit.

Raug tooj liab sulfate. Solubility yog ib qho exothermic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. ib tug tseem ceeb npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub yog generated nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm co ntsev.

Lub solubility ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv hlau

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev no pseudoalloys tsim ntawm Fe thiab Cu. Yuav kom nws yog xim hlau hlau thiab tooj liab yuav muaj kev sib nrig sib solubility. Tshaj plaws ntawm nws qhov tseem ceeb muaj cai nyob rau hauv lub kub qhia 1099,85 ° C. Lub degree ntawm tooj liab solubility nyob rau hauv cov khoom daim ntawv no yog sib npaug zos rau 8.5% hlau. Cov no yog cov me me ntsuas. Xaus ntawm nws yog xim hlau hlau nyob rau hauv lub khoom hauv daim ntawv ntawm tooj liab yog hais txog 4.2%.

Tej qhov kub thiab txias rau chav tsev tseem ceeb ua rau me ntsis kev sib nrig sib dab. Thaum melted hlau tooj liab, nws tau zoo ntub cov hlau nyob rau hauv cov khoom daim ntawv. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm Fe thiab Cu pseudoalloys siv tshwj xeeb preform. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm nias los yog ci hlau hmoov tam sim no nyob hauv cov ntshiab los yog hlau daim ntawv. Tej preform yog impregnated nrog kua tooj liab, txoj kev pseudoalloys.

Xaus nyob rau hauv ammonia

Cov txheej txheem feem ntau hais los ntawm xeem dhau tus NH ₃ nyob rau hauv lub gaseous daim ntawv tshaj liab-kub hlau. Cov no xaus ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv ammonia, kev rho tawm Cu ₃ N. no compound yog raug xa mus rau raws li monovalent nitride.

Ntsev ntawm nws raug ammonia tshuaj. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm lub reagent rau cov tooj liab chloride ua rau nag lossis daus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hydroxide:

CuCl ₂ + NH ₃ + NH ₃ + 2H ₂ O → 2NH ₄ Cl + Cu (OH) ₂ ↓.

Tshaj ammonia txhawb lub tsim ntawm ib tug complex hom compound muaj ib tug maub-xiav coloration:

Cu (OH) ₂ ↓ + 4NH ₃ → [Cu (NH _{3) 4]} (OH) _2.

Qhov no tus txheej txheem no siv los mus txiav txim lub cupric ions.

Lub solubility ntawm cov hlau

Nyob rau hauv pearlitic malleable cam khwb cia hlau qauv dhau li ntawm tus pib kawm txog ntxiv caij yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug pa tooj liab. Namely nws tsub kom graphitization ntawm carbon atoms tsub kom lub fluidity, lub zog thiab hardness ntawm lub alloys. Cov hlau muaj ib tug zoo ntxim rau cov theem ntawm perlite nyob rau hauv qhov kawg khoom. Lub solubility ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv hlau yog siv rau cov doping ntawm thawj zaug muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev no yog kom tau ib tug malleable hlau. Nws yuav tau zoo tuaj txhua yam thiab corrosion zog, tab sis txo embrittlement.

Yog hais tias cov tooj liab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau yog hais txog 1%, tus nqi ntawm lub dag lub zog thaum lub sij hawm ncab sib npaug zos rau 40%, thiab tawm los nce mus rau 50%. Qhov no ho hloov lub yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau. Ua tus nqi ntawm cov hlau dopant mus rau 2%, nws leads mus rau ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub dag lub zog mus rau ib tug nqi 65% thiab cov nqi ndlwg yuav sib npaug zos rau 70%. Thaum dua txheem ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv lub hlau muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm spheroidal graphite tsim nyuab me ntsis. Introduction rau cov qauv ntawm cov alloying caij tsis hloov lub cuab yeej ntawm txoj kev ua ib khov thiab mos hlau. Lub sij hawm muaj rau annealing rau coincide nrog qhov ntev ntawm ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm zus tau tej cov hlau tsis muaj impurities tooj liab. Nws yog hais txog 10 xuab moos.

Siv tooj liab rau qhov siv thiab ua cam khwb cia hlau nrog ib tug high school cov concentration ntawm pob zeb ntais yog tsis muaj peev xwm kiag li tshem tawm cov thiaj li hu ua ferrugination sib tov thaum lub sij hawm annealing. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib yam khoom muaj uas tsis muaj nyiaj kom dhau.

Solubility nyob rau hauv mercury

Thaum tov nrog hlau mercury lwm yam hais tau hlau. Qhov no txoj kev yuav siv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv xws tej yam kev mob yog ib tug kua Pb. Lub solubility ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv lub mercury yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw tsuas yog thaum cov cua kub. Hlau yuav tsum xub tsuav. Thaum ntxoov kua mercury khoom tooj liab yog ib tug kev sib nrig sib allergic ntawm ib yam khoom uas mus rau lwm lub txheej txheem los yog diffusion. Tus nqi ntawm cov solubility yog qhia raws li ib feem pua thiab yog 7.4 * 10 ^-3. Thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom yog tau ib tug yooj yim hauv cov hlau zoo xws li cov xis mas. Yog hais tias nws yog ib tug me ntsis kub, nws softens. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, xws li ib tug sib tov yog siv rau kho ntawm iav. Muaj kuj yog ib tug complex hlau nrog pom cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv nws. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug kev kho hniav hlau muaj lub ntsiab nyiaj, tin, tooj liab thiab zinc. Lawv tus nqi nyob rau hauv feem pua hais txog ob 65: 27: 6: 2. Hlau ntaws nrog xws li ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg hu ua nyiaj. Txhua hlau tivthaiv ua ib txog kev ua, uas tso cai rau kom tau zoo foob.

Lwm cov piv txwv yog lub hlau hlau nyob rau hauv uas yog ib tug siab tooj liab cov ntsiab lus. Nws tseem hu ua tooj liab hlau. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub hlau yog tam sim no los ntawm 10 mus rau 30% Cu. High ntau ntawm tooj liab txwv tsis pub cov tin reacted muaj mercury, uas tsis tsim heev tsis muaj zog thiab corrosive hlau theem. Ntxiv mus, kom txhob muaj tus nqi ntawm cov nyiaj nyob rau hauv lub tsiaj hiav txwv tau nyob rau hauv ib tug txo nyob rau hauv nqe. Yuav kom npaj lub hlau yog ntshaw kom siv ib tug inert cua los yog ib tug tiv thaiv kua uas tas ib zaj duab xis. Co tias ua li tus hlau muaj peev xwm ntawm sai oxidized los ntawm huab cua. Cov cua kub txheej txheem Cuprum hlau nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm hydrogen ua rau ib tug mercury distillation uas cais lub elemental tooj liab. Raws li koj tau pom, qhov no qhov teeb meem yog tej yam yooj yim mus kawm. Tam sim no koj paub raws li tooj liab ua num ua ke tsis tau tsuas yog nrog dej tab sis kuj nrog acids thiab lwm yam hais.