Lub kos npe rau ntawm lub PIB-1 Treaty ntawm lub USSR thiab lub tebchaws United States: lub hnub. Strategic caj npab txwv Hais lus

Strategic caj npab txwv Hais lus (SALT) - ib tug series ntawm ob sab sib dho ntawv cog lus nruab nrab ntawm cov USSR thiab lub US on qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ruaj ntseg ntawm nuclear riam phom. Yeej muaj ob peb cov lus hais. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub SALT-1 thiab SALT-2 tau kos npe rau. Tus thawj - nyob rau hauv 1972, lub thib ob - nyob rau hauv 1979.

Tom qab thiab tswvyim ntawm "adequacy" nyob rau hauv lub USSR

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov tom qab thiab yog vim li cas yog vim li cas muaj ib lub thawj kos npe rau ntawm lub SALT-1 treaty, muaj yog ib tug yuav tsum tau hais txog lub tswvyim ntawm "adequacy" nyob rau hauv nuclear riam phom. Qhov no lub sij hawm yog tsis meej xwm dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob, tiam sis qhov no fact tsis cuam tshuam rau tus cwj pwm ntawm cov Soviet sab. Thaum lub XXVI Congress ntawm lub CPSU peb official nuclear tswvyim twb tshaj tawm. Lub gist ntawm nws yog hais tias lub Soviet Union thiab lub tebchaws United States muaj ib tug tshuav nyiaj li cas hais tias lub hom phiaj yog lub preservation ntawm kev kaj siab, thiab armed nrog ib tug txaus tus naj npawb ntawm nuclear warheads, uas yog faib tusyees ntawm cov xaiv yaam Missile Rog, Navy thiab cua Dag Zog Yuam. Tsis superiority nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas, peb tsis tas yuav. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub Soviet coj noj coj ua tshaj tawm hais tias tsis muaj caj npab haiv neeg yog tsis muaj ntau. Txawm Nikita Khrushchev ib zaug hais tias Kennedy uas peb lub teb chaws tsis ntau npaum li cas lub sij hawm lub US yuav ua kom puas nws - yim los yog cuaj. Nws yog txaus kom paub tias cov Soviet Union yuav ua kom puas hauv lub tebchaws United States tsawg kawg ib zaug. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov no yog qhov essence of "lub tswvyim ntawm adequacy," uas kos rau ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv congress officially.

US txoj hauj lwm

United States kho nws txawv: lawv mus rau lub kam kos npe rau daim SALT-1 treaty. Yog vim li cas cov lus dag nyob rau hauv domestic kev nom kev tswv: ob tog sib tw nyob rau hauv kev xaiv tsa nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States. Ib tug yuav tsum yeej ib txwm yuav thuam lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv lub sixties ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, lub ywj pheej tog yog nyob rau hauv solidarity nrog cov Soviet sab, thiab tau ua li ntawd mus rau ib tug tshiab lub sij hawm Republican Nixon pib nws reign nrog rau qhov teeb meem no ntawm caj npab tswj. Rau cov tshiab tus thawj tswj hwm, qhov no yog ib tug loj puzzle, txij li thaum nws thoob plaws hauv lub kev xaiv tsa phiaj los nqis tes, criticized ib tug ua tau nuclear parity ntawm lub USSR thiab lub teb chaws USA. Nws yeej ib txwm hais tias qhov yuav tsum tau mus cuag tag nrho superiority nyob rau hauv tej caj npab tshaj peb lub teb chaws. Qhov no thiab coj kom zoo dua ntawm lub losers Democrats, muab "npua" nyob rau hauv lub rooj zaum ntawm lub tshiab tus thawj tswj hwm.

Nixon yog nyob rau hauv ib tug stalemate: nyob rau hauv ib tes, nws thuam lub tswv yim ntawm parity ntawm lub USSR thiab lub teb chaws USA, yog ib tug supporter ntawm nuclear ntau superiority. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, build-up ntawm tus caj npab haiv neeg unilaterally - nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm cov USSR rau cov kev txwv ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm nws cov nuclear riam phom - undermined cov duab ntawm lub US raws li ib tug "ua zoo", uas yog tawm tsam nrog cov "kev phem faj tim teb chaws." Nws hloov tawm hais tias ob tog hloov lawv tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm tus Western capitalist ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, Nixon yuav tsum tau ua concessions thiab pom zoo mus rau lub kos npe rau ntawm lub SALT-1 treaty.

US tswvyim ntawm Nixon

Tshaj tawm hais tias lub tebchaws United States thiab cov Soviet Union kos npe tshiab ntawv cog lus, thiab teem lub parity, ntawm chav kawm, tus thawj tswj hwm yuav tsis yog los ntawm lub Republican tog. Uas yog vim li cas, thiab yog xaiv raws li "sufficiency zoo" thiab nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States. Xws li Tus Neeg Xaiv Tsa nws yog ib yam dab tsi ntawm lub tswvyim thiab lub tswv yim ntawm tag nrho cov superiority ntawm nuclear parity. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov no saib yog tsis populist: Teb Chaws Asmeskas yeej muaj ib tug loj mov ntawm nuclear riam phom tshaj lub Soviet Union.

Schedule replica Deputy kws muaj txuj ci Minister D. Packard: "sufficiency tsuas txhais tau tias nws yog yooj yim siv lo lus nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws tsis yog dab tsi. " Feem ntau cov yuav, Thawj Tswj Hwm Nixon ntshai "lub tswvyim ntawm sufficiency" raws li ib tug zoo dabtsi ntawm nws kev xaiv tsa kev pab cuam thiab txoj cai ua ntej nws Democrats.

Cov txheej txheem rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm US xaiv yaam rog

Yog li ntawd, lub Nixon thawj coj tshaj tawm ib tug "sufficiency tswvyim." Teb, cov ntsiab cai nram no tau npaj:

1. Tswj ib tug txaus tus naj npawb ntawm xaiv yaam riam phom mus ua pauj, txawm tom qab lub "cia li nuclear attack."
2. Tshem tawm tej kev kub siab mus rau "surprise nres".
3. Deprivation ntawm liam yeeb ncuab ib lub caij nyoog rau daws kev puas tsuaj rau lub tebchaws United States ntau tshaj li lawv muaj peev xwm ua rau puas tsuaj rau lub tebchaws United States nyob rau hauv retaliation.
4. US software tiv thaiv los ntawm nuclear nres.

Raws li ib txwm muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv American diplomacy, qhov no yog ib qhov yuav ua tau "haum" raws li "lub adequacy ntawm lub tswvyim", thiab cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm "tag nrho cov superiority" raws li tseeb lub hom phiaj thiab kev nuj nqis yog tsis muab nyob rau ntawd. Muaj ntau cov tub rog kws txawj hais tias ib tog twg yuav xav txog qhov no tswvyim raws li nws pleases, thiab yuav tsum muaj txoj cai. Txawm li cas los, ib tug tib neeg tsis ntawm tag nrho cov superiority yog twb ib co kev kawm nyob rau hauv US txoj cai, yam uas yog yog kiag li tsis yooj yim sua los ua tus kos npe rau ntawm lub SALT-1 treaty.

missile tiv thaiv teeb meem

Tag nrho cov essence ntawm US txoj cai tau manifested nyob rau hauv kev sib tham hauv missile tiv thaiv systems. Lub fact tias cov Soviet Union tau ploj mus rau pem hauv ntej rau missile tiv thaiv technologies. Peb tau kawm rau 23 xyoo ua ntej lub Americans tua cia nuclear cuaj luaj uas tsis-nuclear cuaj luaj nyob rau cov nuj nqis ntawm lub kinetic zog los ntawm lub tawg ntawm TNT. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, peb muaj ib tug ruaj ntseg daim hlau thaiv, uas tso cai rau tsis tau tawg tuaj nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws ntawm nuclear warheads. Americans yuav tua down nuclear cuaj luaj nkaus xwb lwm yam nuclear cuaj luaj nrog tsawg zog. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, kom tsis txhob muaj nuclear tawg nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States tsis tau zoo. Yog li ntawd, cov Americans hais rau cov rejection ntawm cov creation ntawm ib tug missile kws muaj txuj ci nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib tham ntawm cov SALT-1 thiab SALT-2.

US tsis kam los piav txoj kev loj hlob ntawm missile tiv thaiv los ntawm hais tias nws yuav ua rau tsis muaj kev txiav txim zoo kom tsis txhob muaj cov haiv neeg caj npab, yog hais tias tsis txwv tsis pub defensive haiv neeg. Raws li tus neeg Mis Kas, tus txuas ntxiv rau cov kev loj hlob ntawm missile tiv thaiv los ntawm lub Soviet sab yuav destabilize rub me nqi koj tshuav ntawm lub ob superpowers. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog lub tebchaws United States ciali mus tau tsis nco qab lawm txog lawv superiority nyob rau hauv tej caj npab yuav txo tau thiab pre-xaiv tsa cog lus Nixon.

Lub Soviet sab categorically tiv thaiv xws li ib mus kom ze, rightly arguing hais tias tiv thaiv txoj kev loj hlob - yog ib tug ncaj ncees thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev tawm tsam - yog kev cib nyeej. Dhau li ntawd, cov Americans tau muaj los mus daws cov teeb meem ntawm lub yuav txo tau ntawm offensive riam phom, thiab rightly hais tias lub tebchaws United States muaj ib tug kom zoo dua li lawv.

Cov txiag ntawm US missile tiv thaiv - cov kev hem thawj ntawm yavtom ntej ntawv cog lus

Nyob rau hauv 1967, lub US thawj coj unilaterally deploys nws missile kws muaj txuj ci. Lawv ntaus nqi no mus rau lub fact tias cov system yog tsis qhia tiv thaiv cov Soviet Union, thiab tswj neutralizing cov kev hem thawj ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Xeem thiab tag nrho cov muaj nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm tsuas yog ib lub nominal nuclear riam phom, uas yuav tsis tejzaum nws hem cov US. Kuj ceeb tias, keeb kwm repeats nws tus kheej nrog lub US missile tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe, uas yog tswj ostensibly tiv thaiv Iran, txawm tias nws tsis hem tej nuj nqis cov US los yog lub teb chaws ntawm Eastern Europe. Tub rog kws txawj sau tseg ces, raws li tam sim no hais tias lub aim ntawm qhov kev Americans yog peb lub teb chaws.

By 1972, tsoom fwv thiab lub Ministry ntawm kws muaj txuj ci yuav tsis nrhiav pov thawj nws tus kheej ua ntej lub anti-militarist rog nyob rau hauv lub Western lub ntiaj teb no. US nuclear stockpile ntau zog, riam phom zoo, thiab muaj cov tsis muaj yam yuavtsum tau rau qhov no yog tsis cai. Peb lub teb chaws rau tis lub Americans ua ib tug phooj ywg txoj cai, pom zoo rau tej kev pom zoo - ua ntej tsis tau kos npe rau ib daim ntawv cog lus kom tsis txhob missile kws muaj txuj ci kev loj hlob.

Nixon tus mus ntsib mus rau lub Soviet Union thiab lub kos npe rau ntawm daim ntawv cog lus

Nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1972, Nixon lub historic mus ntsib mus rau Moscow. Yam ua ntej daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv cov kev txwv ntawm kev xaiv yaam caj npab tau kos npe May 29, 1972. Nws twb hu ua "Lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev koom tes nruab nrab ntawm tus USSR thiab lub tebchaws United States." Ob tog pom hais tias lub tiaj coexistence ntawm lub ob tug poj powers yog tus tsuas yog siv tau lub hauv paus rau kev sib raug. Tsis tas li ntawd, ob lub teb chaws muaj lub luag hauj lwm los mus tiv thaiv lub zos tsis sib haum, muaj ib tug dej num yuav tau ib ce muaj zog khi thiab daws sib txawv los ntawm kev thaj yeeb txhais tau tias.

Nyob rau hauv Tej zaum, raws li lwm cov treaty tau kos npe - "Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty." Lub ob tog twb mus xaiv tej qhov chaw ntawm nws ib ncig, uas yuav tsum tau nyob missile tiv thaiv chaw. USSR, Moscow muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm nuclear tawm tsam. TEB CHAWS USA - ob peb khoom nqa nuclear riam phom.

Lub kos npe rau ntawm qhov kev pom zoo SALT-1: lub hnub, lub ntsiab cai

SALT-1 - ib tug txheej ntawm ntawv cog lus ntawm lub tebchaws United States thiab cov Soviet Union los ntawm 1969 mus rau xyoo 1972. Nws tag nrho cov pib nyob rau hauv Helsinki. Thiab muaj ntau yam ntseeg hais tias nws yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv peb tes num. Tab sis cuaj kaum kos npe rau Soviet-American treaty SALT-1 Nixon nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv 1972. Nuclear riam phom ntawm cov USSR thiab lub tebchaws United States nruj me ntsis kaw txij thaum ntawd los. Kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm warheads yog txwv tsis pub. Tsis tas li ntawd qhia ib tug moratorium rau qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm nuclear riam phom nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, tab sis qhov no tsis txhais hais tias peb lub teb chaws yeej npaj txhij mus tso tseg lub chaw ua hauj lwm los tsim ib tug nuclear riam phom hwj chim.

Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, lub Soviet Union deployed 200 tshiab cuaj luaj. Teb Chaws Mis Kas yog nyob rau hauv 1054 intercontinental ballistic missiles, 656 missile submarine. Soviet nuclear riam phom thiab lub tebchaws United States txij li thaum uas lub sij hawm tseem muaj nyob unchanged. Txawm li cas los, cov Americans tau txais ib yam tshiab ntawm missile - MIRV (uas muaj ntau foob pob ua ntxaij qhov chaw). Lub peculiarity ntawm lub fact tias nws yog nominally ib missile, tab sis nws muaj feem xyuam rau ib tug xov tooj uas xaiv yaam txug tej yaam.

SALT 2

SALT-1 thiab SALT-2 - yog ib tug unified system ntawm cog. Qhov thib ob yog ib zajlus kom continuation ntawm cov thawj. Qhov txawv tsuas yog tias tus SALT-2 - ib zaug xwb daim ntawv cog lus, kos npe rau Lub rau hli ntuj 18, 1979 nyob rau hauv Vienna ntawm ib tug lub rooj sib tham ntawm Leonid Brezhnev thiab J. Carter.

fundamentals

SALT-2 txwv tus naj npawb ntawm xaiv yaam me nyuam tsheb 2,400 units. Ob leeg kuj pom zoo los txo qhov no volume. Tsuas 1320 units yuav txawm peem rau nrog ib tug warhead nrog ib tug muab yam khoom puas tsuaj. Qhov no muaj pes tsawg tus muaj xws li tag nrho cov hom ntawm nuclear riam phom. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov kev txwv cuam tshuam rau tus naj npawb ntawm warheads uas yuav tsum tau deployed nyob rau hauv xaiv yaam muaj: ships, dav hlau, thiab submarines.

SALT-2 yog txwv tsis pub thiab lub commissioning ntawm tshiab missile silos, tsis pub Modernization. Txhua yam ntawm ob tog, piv txwv li, yuav nthuav tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ib tug tshiab intercontinental ballistic missile, uas yuav tsum tau nruab nrog 10 warheads.

SALT-2 yeej tsis tau ratified nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States li lub Soviet Union xa troops rau Afghanistan. Txawm li cas los, ib tug kev pom zoo complied nrog los ntawm ob tog.

PIB-1 thiab pib 2

Lub keeb kwm ntawm muaj kev txwv ntawv cog lus rau lub SALT-2 tsis tau tas. Lub Xya hli ntuj 31, 1991 Treaty rau lub yuav txo tau thiab dhau ntawm Strategic ua caj npab ntawm lub Soviet Union thiab lub tebchaws United States (PIB-1) tau kos npe nyob rau hauv Moscow. Qhov no yog ib yam ntawm cov xeem ntawv cog lus ntawm cov USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev kos npe rau. Nws ntev yog 15 xyoo. Lub hom phiaj ntawm daim ntawv cog lus - ib tug yuav txo tau ntawm ntaj los sis phom mus rau 30 feem pua ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm nuclear riam phom powers. Lub tsuas kos tau ua rau hiav txwv cruise cuaj luaj nrog ib tug ntau yam ntau dua tshaj li 600 kis lus mev. Qhov no yog vim li: cov US muaj ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm xws missiles, thiab nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws tsis muaj lawv nyob rau tag nrho cov.

Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR nws yog tsim nyog los rov re-kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus nrog rau Russia tau txij li thaum sawv yog ib tug uas yuav hais tias peb lub teb chaws yuav tsis txaus siab rau cov nqe lus ntawm lub PIB-1. Nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1993, nws tau kos npe rau ib tug tshiab daim ntawv cog lus - lub PIB-2 Boris Yeltsin thiab George Bush .. Nyob rau hauv 2002, peb lub teb chaws tau rho los ntawm cov Treaty nyob rau hauv teb mus rau lub fact tias lub tebchaws United States thau los ntawm cov ABM Treaty. Nyob rau hauv 2009, Dmitry Medvedev thiab Barack Obama nyob rau hauv Geneva khom ib tug tshiab treaty rau xaiv yaam offensive caj npab, tab sis tus Republican US Congress tau sim txhua txhua teg num Democrat Barack Obama nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem. Cov hauj lwm hais ntawm Congress - "Lub US ntshai" dag "nyob rau ib feem ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv qhov kev kawm ntawm daim ntawv cog lus."

PIB-3

Nyob rau hauv 2010, lub Lavxias teb sab thiab US cov thawj tswj hwm kos npe rau ib daim ntawv cog lus tshiab. Txhua sab yuav muaj nyob saud tsis ntau tshaj li 1550 units ntawm nuclear warheads. Tus xov tooj uas xaiv yaam me nyuam tsheb yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 800 chav nyob. Qhov no daim ntawv cog lus ratified los ntawm ob sab.