Mongol-Tatar quab. Nws tus nqi yog nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm txoj hmoo ntawm Russia

XIII xyoo pua rau cov neeg ntawm Russia yog ib lub sij hawm mob kev nyuaj siab, rau qhov tawm tsam rau cov ciaj sia taus. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no ib lub nra hnyav poob rau hauv lub xub pwg nyom ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub Mongol-Tatar quab. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub XIII xyoo pua, Alexander Nevsky tsom rau sab hnub poob lub zog ntawm Lavxias teb sab caj npab. Cov tshwm sim ntawm lub heroic confrontation muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem nyob rau txoj hmoo ntawm cov tag nrho lub teb chaws. Cov kev hloov cuam tshuam tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub neej: economic, social, kev cai dab qhuas. Zog ntawm Guj kuj tau los ua ib tug zoo uas tsis, uas tsoo txog ib tug yoj ntawm nomads. Hais tias nws tsis cia cov loj loj hordes ntawm Mongol-Tatars nyob rau hauv lub tshav puam ntawm cov teb chaws Europe.

Tus thawj phiaj los nqis tes ntawm Batu Khan pib nyob rau hauv 1236. Tom qab lub yeej ntawm Volga Bulgaria ntawm nws cov tub rog khiav mus rau Ryazan. Thaum nyob rau hauv Russia nws reigned disunity ntawm cov princes, thiab sib ntaus sib tua nrog rau cov nomads muaj Ryazanians ib leeg. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub nroog twb tag pov tseg thiab tus inhabitants tau yog tua los yog coj mus rau hauv kev ua cev qhev, tsuas yog ib tug me me ib feem ntawm lawv dim, nkaum nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov. Cov tib txoj hmoo befell Kolomna, Vladimir, Suzdal thiab Torzhok. Khan Batu rushed mus rau Novgorod, tab sis bloodless thiab ris nra prey pab tub rog twb unfit rau kev txiav txim. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub Mongols muab rov qab.

Tab sis twb nyob rau hauv 1239 lub Horde pib ib tug tshiab phiaj los nqis tes, nyob rau hauv uas tau ntes thiab plundered Kiev, Murom, Gorokhovets, tom qab uas lub nomads vam thawj rau lub Galicia-Volyn Rus, thiab ces mus rau cov teb chaws Europe. Tab sis tseem yuav tau sib tw lub Mongols muaj nyob rau hauv bloodless battles nrog lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog.

Yog hais tias cov teb chaws Europe Batu taug foray, ces Russia twb levied ib tug hnyav tribute, thiab pib lub Mongol-Tatar quab. Nws yog ib tug ntev lub sij hawm kom txhob muaj cov kev loj hlob ntawm Russia. Nws tshwm sim los hnyav kev puas tsuaj rau ua liaj ua teb thiab kab lis kev cai. Qhov yuav tshwm ntawm lub Mongol-Tatar quab rau Russia muaj pov thawj yuav tsum tau heev heev. Thaum lub sij hawm ob campaigns tau raug hlawv thiab looted txog 50 lub zos, 14 ntawm lawv tau tau kiag li wiped tawm thiab twb tsis tau revived, 15 lub zos los ntawm kev tsim lag luam thiab khoom siv tes ua chaw tau los ua ib tug me me lub zos.

Mongol-Tatar quab kiag redraw hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm Russia. Significantly txo lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Kiev, uas tseem tom qab lub looting tsis ntau tshaj li ob puas tsev. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws masters Tatars teb chaws rau qhev ncaj thiab ntse zog, xa nyuab khoom siv tes ua. Ib tug hnyav tsim txom rests nyob rau hauv lub xub pwg nyom tribute rau lub Lavxias teb sab neeg, taw los ntawm lub rulers ntawm lub Horde. Lavxias teb sab princes yuav tsum tau mus rau lub Horde kom tau txoj cai los kav, uas nce fragmentation principalities.

Mongol-Tatar quab tau nws peculiarities. Chief ntawm lawv - yog hais tias Russia tsis tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub Horde pawg neeg thaj av. Qhov no yog feem ntau vim lub fact tias lub Lavxias teb sab hav zoov twb unsuitable rau nomads. Qhov thib ob feature - tus siab tev taus ntawm lub Mongol-Tatars. Thiab lub tsev teev ntuj yog tsis raug mus rau zoo tsis muaj se, nyob rau hauv teb mus rau lub pov thawj khaws cia rau hauv lub nomads thiab hu ua rau ntawm Lavxias teb sab princes rau kam rau ua.

Lub overthrow ntawm lub Mongol-Tatar quab yog twb nyob rau hauv lub XV xyoo pua, tom qab lub Lavxias teb sab txheem thiab cov Horde rog nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus Ugra River. Tsis yog tus twg tog tsis tau txiav txim siab rau active ua hauj lwm, tab sis Khan Akhmat yuav tsum tau mus nrog nws cov tub rog, thiab tau ua tsis tau tejyam kom txais tau lub restoration ntawm lub hwj chim tshaj Russia.