Lev Landau: nyuag Phau ntawv sau, pab mus rau science

Lev Landau (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1908-1968) - tus poj Soviet physicist, yug nyob rau hauv Baku. Nws yus tus kheej li ib tug xov tooj uas interesting kev tshawb fawb thiab foundations. Yuav koj teb cov lus nug, Lev Landau rau cov uas nws tau txais lub Nobel nqi zog? Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm uas peb yuav tham txog nws ua tau thiab yooj yim biographical tseeb.

Keeb kwm Lev Landau

Koj muaj peev xwm tham ib tug ntev lub sij hawm txog tej kws tshawb fawb raws li Lev Landau. Xyoo ntawm lub neej, txoj hauj lwm thiab ua tau qhov no physics - tag nrho cov yeej xav nyeem. Cia peb pib los ntawm heev thaum pib - los ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej tus paub txog.

Nws yug los nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg ntawm kev hlub thiab David Landau. Nws txiv yog ib tug ncaj zoo-paub cov roj av engineer. Nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov roj teb. Raws li rau leej niam, los ntawm txoj hauj lwm, nws yog ib tug kws kho mob. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias tus poj niam no nqa tawm physiological kev tshawb fawb. Raws li koj tau pom, Lev Landau tuaj los ntawm ib tug kawm ntawv tsev neeg. Nws tus niam laus, los ntawm txoj kev, muaj los ua ib tug tshuaj engineer.

xyoo ntawm txoj kev tshawb

Lev Davidovich yog nyob rau hauv high school, uas yog brilliantly kawm tiav nyob rau lub hnub nyoog ntawm 13 xyoo. Nws niam nws txiv txiav txim siab hais tias lawv tus tub yog tseem hluas heev mus kawm ntawm ib tug ntau dua kev kawm ntawv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Yog li ntawd lawv txiav txim siab xa nws mus rau ib xyoos nyob rau hauv Baku Economic Kev School. Ces, nyob rau hauv 1922, nws tau mus nyob hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Baku. Ntawm no Lev Landau kawm chemistry thiab physics. Ob xyoos tom qab, Lev Davidovich twb pauv mus rau University of Leningrad, nyob rau Department of Physics.

Tus thawj scientific ua hauj lwm, postgraduate txoj kev tshawb no

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm kaum cuaj Landau twb ua tus sau ntawm plaub scientific ntaub ntawv uas tau luam tawm. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiaj li hu ua matrix ceev tau siv rau cov thawj lub sij hawm. Qhov no lub sij hawm yog nta lug siv. Lawv tau piav los ntawm lub quantum zog lub xeev. Landau kawm tiav los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv 1927. Nws ces cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv kawm tiav los ntawm lub Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute. Nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv no, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv quantum electrodynamics thiab cov kev tshawb xav ntawm lub magnetic electron.

ua lag ua luam mus txawv tebchaws

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1929 mus 1931 yog ib tug scientific lub hom phiaj Lev Landau. Xyoo ntawm lub neej, txoj hauj lwm thiab qhov kev kawm ntawm tus paub txog txuas mus rau lub nyob ze txoj kev koom tes nrog txawv teb chaws counterparts. Yog li, thaum lub sij hawm lub dawm, nws cov kwv tij mus Switzerland, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, cov Netherlands, England thiab Denmark. Thaum lub sij hawm cov xyoo nws tau ntsib thiab tau los ua cuab kav nrog founders ntawm quantum mechanics, uas twb cia li tshwm. Cov kws tshawb fawb, uas tau ntsib Landau, yog Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg thiab Niels Bohr. Mus kav Lev Davidovich khaws cia tus phooj ywg txoj kev xav rau tus so ntawm nws lub neej. Qhov no paub txog yog tshwj xeeb yog tau pab los ntawm Landau.

Lev Davidovich, thaum abroad nqa tawm ib qho tseem ceeb kev tshawb fawb free electrons (lawv sib nqus). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ua ke nrog Peierls nws ua kev tshawb fawb thiab nyob rau hauv relativistic quantum mechanics. Vim li no cov ua hauj lwm Lev Landau, ib txoj hauj lwm uas xav txawv teb chaws lug txhawb cov miv, twb ntshai ua ib tug ntawm cov uas lub theoretical physicists. Zaum tau kawm yuav ua li cas nrog lub heev complex theoretical systems. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tom qab no muaj peev xwm nws yog heev ke thaum Landau pib ua kev tshawb fawb rau cov uas tsis muaj-kub physics.

Tsiv mus Kharkov

Lev Davidovich nyob rau hauv 1931 nws rov qab mus rau Leningrad. Tsis ntev, txawm li cas los, nws txiav txim siab tsiv mus nyob rau Kharkov, uas thaum lub sij hawm yog lub peev ntawm Ukraine. Ntawm no, ib tus paub txog kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau Ukrainian Physico-Technical lub koom haum, yog tus thawj coj ntawm nws theoretical department. Ib txhij Lev Davidovich yog lub taub hau ntawm lub Department of Theoretical Physics nyob rau University of Kharkov thiab lub Kharkov lub koom haum ntawm Mechanical Engineering. Nyob rau hauv 1934, lub USSR Academy ntawm Sciences muab nws lub degree ntawm tus kws kho mob ntawm lub cev thiab lej Sciences. Ua li no, Landau tsis xav tau txawm los mus tiv thaiv nws dissertation. Lub npe ntawm cov xibfwb twb muab tsub lub nram qab no xyoo mus xws li cov kws tshawb fawb raws li Lev Landau.

SUPERVISION nws them tag nrho cov tshiab qhov chaw ntawm science. Landau nyob rau hauv Kharkov tau luam tawm tej hauj lwm rau tej yam xws li cov dispersion ntawm lub suab, lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm stellar zog, kev tawg ri niab ntawm lub teeb, lub zog hloov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv collisions, superconductivity, magnetic thaj chaw ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv thiab lwm tus neeg. Vim li no, nws los ua lub npe hu raws li ib tug theorist, muaj ib tug unusually ntau yam scientific kev txaus siab.

Ib tug txawv feature ntawm Landau tej hauj lwm

Tom qab ntawd, thaum muaj ib tug ntshav physics, Landau mob siab hais interacting electrically, muaj pov thawj pab tau heev. Txais los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm thermodynamics ib co paub txog tau ua ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub tswv yim rau cov uas tsis-kub systems. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm ntawm Landau yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb feature - ib tug virtuoso siv mathematical cov cuab yeej nyob rau hauv kev nrhiav kev daws teeb meem rau txoj teeb meem. Lev Landau ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau lub quantum kev tshawb xav raws li nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tus sis ntawm qhov thiab elementary hais.

Lev Landau tsev kawm ntawv

Cov kab kev los ntawm nws kev tshawb fawb yog tiag tiag dav. Lawv npog yuav luag tag nrho cov loj qhov chaw ntawm theoretical physics. Tsaug rau no breadth ntawm nws kev txaus siab ib tus paub txog attracted rau Kharkov ntau feemxyuam hluas zaum thiab gifted menyuam kawm ntawv. Cov lawv yog Lifshits Evgeniy Mihaylovich, uas tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab Lva Davidovicha thiab nws ze cov phooj ywg. Lub tsev kawm ntawv loj hlob li ib ncig ntawm Lev Landau, Kharkiv muab rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov uas lub chaw zov me nyuam ntawm theoretical physics nyob rau hauv lub USSR.

Tus kws tshawb fawb yog ntseeg hais tias ib tug theoretical physicist yuav tsum tau kom huv si versed nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev kawm. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, Lev Davidovich tsim ib tug tawv heev kev kawm. Nws hu ua qhov kev pab cuam "theoretical yam tsawg kawg nkaus". Cov neeg thov uas xav mus koom nyob rau hauv lub seminar, coj los ntawm nws, yuav tsum tau raws li heev uas yuav tsum tau. Suffice nws hais tias nyob rau hauv 30 lub xyoos, txawm ntau cov pobtsuas, tsuas 40 cov neeg dhau cov tub ntxhais nyob rau hauv lub "theoretical yam tsawg kawg nkaus". Txawm li cas los, cov neeg uas tau ua nws, Lev Davidovich generously muab lawv lub sij hawm thiab sai sai. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, kom txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev xaiv yog muab rau lawv thaum xaiv ib tug kev tshawb fawb lub npe.

Creation ntawm Theoretical Physics kawg

Landau Lev Davidovich khaws cia tus phooj ywg kev sib raug zoo nrog nws cov neeg ua hauj lwm thiab cov menyuam kawm. Lawv muaj siab hlub hu ua tus kawm Dau. Yuav kom pab tau lawv nyob rau hauv 1935, Lev Davidovich tsim ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws chav kawm ntawm theoretical physics. Nws twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv nrog cov Landau E. M. Lifshitsem thiab yog ib tug series ntawm cov phau ntawv. Lawv cov ntsiab lus sau phau ntawv hloov thiab kho rau ib tug ntxiv 20 xyoo. Tau kev nco tej chaw cov nyiaj pab no. Lawv muaj tau txhais ua ntau yam lus. Tam sim no, cov kev cai lij choj ntawv no yog xam tias yog classics. Nyob rau hauv 1962, rau cov creation ntawm lub chav kawm los ntawm Landau thiab Lifshitz tau txais lub Lenin nqi zog.

Ua hauj lwm nrog Kapitsa

Lev Davidovich nyob rau hauv 1937, teb rau cov caw Petra Kapitsy (nws yees duab yog hais tom qab) thiab los ua lub taub hau ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm theoretical physics ntawm lub Moscow lub koom haum ntawm lub cev teeb meem, tshiab khiv tsim nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm. Tab sis lub xyoo tom ntej tus paub txog twb puas tau raug ntes. Cuav liam yog hais tias nws tau koom nyob rau hauv espionage nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees. Tsuas ua tsaug rau cov kev pab ntawm Kapitza, uas tus kheej thov mus rau lub Kremlin, Lev Landau twb tso tawm.

Thaum Landau tsiv los ntawm Kharkov rau Moscow, Kapitsa cia li koom nyob rau hauv thwmsim nrog kua Helium. Yog hais tias qhov kub thiab txias dauv hauv qab no 4.2 K (tsis kub ntsuas nyob rau hauv kelvins, thiab yog ntsuas los ntawm -273,18 ° C, i.e. los ntawm lub meej pes tsawg), Helium roj yuav ua kua. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev no nws yog hu ua Helium-1. Yog hais tias qhov kub thiab txias qis dua rau 2.17 K, nws rov mus rau ib tug ua kua, xa mus rau raws li Helium-2. Nws muaj heev nthuav zog. Helium-2 yog muaj peev xwm mus tau yooj yim ntws los ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws keeb. Nws zoo nkaus li yog hais tias tus viscosity ntawm nws yog tsis tuaj kiag li. Substance nce mus txog lub phab ntsa ntawm lub nkoj qab thus, raws li yog hais lub ntiajteb txawj nqus tsis muaj feem xyuam rau nws. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws thermal conductivity ntau dua tshaj ib tug thermal conductivity ntawm tooj liab yog pua pua ntawm lub sij hawm. Kapitsa txiav txim hu ua superfluid Helium-2 kua. Txawm li cas los, thaum xeem twb pom tawm hais tias cov viscosity yog tsis pes tsawg.

Zaum tau pom hais tias qhov no tus cwj pwm txawv yog piav qhia los cov teebmeem uas yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam yog tsis classical physics thiab quantum kev tshawb xav. Cov los tshwm sim thaum uas tsis muaj kub. Feem ntau lawv tsis tuaj nyob rau hauv khib nyiab, vim feem ntau yam khov nyob rau hauv cov tej yam kev mob. Qhov kos yog Helium. Qhov no tshuaj rau tsis pes tsawg tseem kua yog hais tias nws yog tsis raug kev kub siab. Laszlo Tisza nyob rau hauv 1938 godu tswv yim hais tias nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb kua Helium - ib tug sib tov ntawm ob cov ntaub ntawv: ib tug Helium-2 (superfluid) thiab Helium-1 (qub kua). Thaum lub kub dauv mus ze tsis pes tsawg, cov thawj tivthaiv yuav hom. Qhov no hypothesis piav txog cov tsos ntawm txawv viscosity nyob rau hauv txawv tej yam kev mob.

Landau piav lub phenomenon ntawm superfluidity

Lev Landau, ib tug luv luv biography uas piav txog xwb nws cov ntsiab achievements, yuav tsis piav qhia txog lub phenomenon ntawm superfluidity, siv ib tug kiag li tshiab zauv apparatus. Lwm yam zaum tau tso siab rau quantum mechanics, uas yog siv rau kev tsom xam cov cwj pwm ntawm ib tug neeg atoms. Landau kuj saib lub quantum lub xeev ntawm cov kua yog yuav luag tib yam li hais tias nws yog khoom. Nws muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub hypothesis hais tias muaj ob excitation Cheebtsam, los yog lub zog. Tus thawj ntawm cov - yog phonons, uas piav qhia txog ib tug qub rectilinear hais tawm ntawm lub suab tsis thaum uas tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog thiab zog. Ob - rotons uas piav qhia txog tus muab cov lus tsa suab. Cov yav tas yog lub ntau qhia ntawm excitations tshwm sim nyob ntau dua lub zog thiab zog. Tus kws tshawb fawb muab sau tseg tias cai phenomena yuav piav los ntawm tus roton thiab phonon pab thiab lawv sib tham.

Landau sib cav hais tias ua kua Helium yuav ntshai li "ib txwm" tivthaiv, uas yog steeped nyob rau hauv lub superfluid "tom qab". Yuav ua li cas yuav ua tau peb piav qhia txog qhov tseeb hais tias cov kua Helium yuav expire los ntawm ib tug nqaim kis? Tus kws tshawb fawb uas sau hais tias tsuas yog tus superfluid tivthaiv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ntws. Ib tug rotons phonons thiab tsoo nrog cov phab ntsa, ceev lawv.

Tus nqi ntawm cov Landau kev tshawb xav

Landau kev tshawb xav, thiab ntxiv txhim kho nws ua si ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv science. Lawv yog cov tsis yooj yim los mus piav qhia cov cai tshwm sim, tab sis kuj kwv yees ib tug ob peb lwm tus neeg. Ib tug piv txwv - yog hais tawm ntawm ob tsis muaj txawv zog thiab xa mus rau raws li thawj thiab thib ob lub suab. Tus thawj suab yog ib tug zoo tib yam suab tsis, thaum lub sij hawm thib ob yog thermal yoj. Tsaug rau qhov kev tshawb xav tsim los ntawm Landau, tus zaum twb tau mus ua kev nruam ntej nyob rau hauv kev to taub qhov xwm ntawm superconductivity.

Thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog thiab lub postwar lub sij hawm

Lev Davidovich thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog, nws kawm explosions thiab burning. Nyob rau hauv kev, xav nws poob siab tsis. Tom qab May 1945 thiab kom txog thaum 1962 ib tus paub txog kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau txawv kev pab raws qib. Nyob rau hauv kev nws soj ntsuam muaj tsawg Helium isotope muaj ib tug atomic luj ntawm 3 (feem ntau yog nws loj 4). Lev Davidovich kwv yees cov hav zoov no isotope rau ib yam tshiab ntawm yoj propagation. Lub "zero suab" - yog li lub npe nws Lev Davidovich Landau. Nws biography yog cim, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm lub atomic foob pob mus rau lub Soviet Union.

Crash, lub Nobel nqi zog thiab lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 53 nws tau txais mus rau hauv lub tsheb sib tsoo raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas nws tau txais loj raug mob. Ib tug ntau ntawm cov kws kho mob los ntawm lub Soviet Union, Fabkis, Canada, Czechoslovakia, tiv thaiv rau lub neej ntawm ib tus paub txog. Nws tseem nco qab lawm rau 6 lub lis piam. Tsis pub dhau peb lub hlis tom qab lub tsheb huam yuaj Kuv tsis paub tias txawm nyob ze Lev Landau. Lub Nobel nqi zog twb muab rau nws nyob rau hauv 1962. Txawm li cas los, vim kev muaj mob nws yog tsis mus taug kev mus rau Stockholm tau txais nws. Nyob rau hauv cov kev yees duab hauv qab no koj yuav pom Landau thiab nws tus poj niam nyob rau hauv lub tsev kho mob.

Cov nqi zog twb muab rau tus paub txog nyob rau hauv Moscow. Tom qab ntawd Lev Davidovich nyob rau 6 xyoo, tab sis rov qab mus tshawb nrhiav nws thiab ua tsis tau. Lev Landau tuag nyob rau hauv Moscow raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm teeb meem los ntawm nws kev raug mob.

Landau tsev neeg

Tus paub txog nyob rau hauv 1937 tau sib yuav Drobantsevoy Concordia, ib tug txheej txheem engineer nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm cov khoom noj kev lag luam. Qhov no poj niam yog ib tug neeg uas Kharkov. Xyoo ntawm nws lub neej - 1908-1984. Cov tsev neeg muaj ib tug tub, uas tom qab ua ib sim physicist thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub koom haum rau lub cev teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv cov kev yees duab hauv qab no teev Landau nrog nws tus tub.

Qhov no yog tag nrho cov uas yuav tsum tau hais txog tej kws tshawb fawb raws li Lev Landau. Nws biography, ntawm chav kawm, muaj xws li tsuas yog tus yooj yim tseeb. Theories hais tias nws tsim heev nyuab rau lub unprepared nyeem ntawv. Yog li ntawd, qhov no tsab xov xwm tsuas luv luv tham txog yuav ua li cas ua nto moo Lev Landau. Biography thiab achievements ntawm zaum yog tseem uas zoo txaus siab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.