Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm tungsten. Cov yam ntxwv thiab daim ntaub ntawv ntawm tungsten

Tungsten - yog ib yam tshuaj caij nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj, uas belongs rau Group VI. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm tungsten tshwm sim raws li ib tug sib tov ntawm tsib isotopes. Nyob rau hauv ib cov pa yam thiab nyob rau hauv cov pa tej yam kev mob, nws yog ib tug khoom hlau nyiaj-grey xim nqaij daim tawv. Nws kuj yog lub feem ntau refractory ntawm tag nrho cov hlau.

Basic thaj chaw ntawm tungsten

Tungsten - ib tug hlau muaj zoo kawg li lub cev thiab cov tshuaj muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov ceg ntawm cov niaj hnub ntau lawm yog siv tungsten. Cov mis feem ntau nws yog qhia raws li hlau oxide designations - WO _3. Tungsten yog lub feem ntau refractory hlau. Nws yog assumed tias tsuas yog seaborgium yuav ua tau ntau heev tshaj dua tugoplavok. Tab sis cia li raws li ntev raws li nws yuav tsis tau khav, raws li seaborgium muaj ib tug heev luv luv lub neej.

Qhov no hlau muaj ib tug meej lub cev thiab tshuaj zog. Tungsten muaj ib tug ntom ntawm 19300 kg / m ^3, nws melting kub yog 3410 ° C. Los ntawm no parameter nws yog zaum ob tsuas yog rau cov - graphite los yog pob zeb diamond. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm tungsten tshwm sim raws li tsib ruaj khov isotopes. Lawv loj tus xov tooj nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm 180 mus 186. tungsten muaj ib tug valence ntawm 6 feeb, thiab lub tebchaw tej zaum nws yuav tsum yog 0, 2, 3, 4 thiab 5. Cov hlau kuj muaj ib tug txaus siab txog qib uas thermal conductivity. Rau tungsten, daim duab yog 163 W / (m * DEG). Raws li cov cuab yeej no, txawm nws tshaj tebchaw xws li txhuas alloys. Huab hwm coj tungsten vim nws ceev uas yog sib npaug zos rau 19kg / m ^3. Lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm tungsten yog hom twg los ntawm +2 mus + 6. hlau muaj acidic zog, thiab txo nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm nws cov oxidation - lub ntsiab yooj.

Yog li alloys ntawm sab tungsten tebchaw no yog tsis ruaj tsis khov. Qhov tseem resistant yog tebchaw muaj ib tug degree ntawm rau. Lawv muaj cov feem ntau cov yam ntxwv thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov hlau. Tungsten nyhav nkag tsim ceg. Tab sis cov hlau tungsten yog feem ntau heev resistant. Nws pib nrog cov pa tsuas yog nyob rau ib tug kub ntawm +400 ° C. Cov siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo ntawm tungsten koom lub cev-chaw nyhav hom.

Sis nrog lwm yam tshuaj

Yog hais tias tungsten yog tov nrog rau ib tug qhuav fluorine, lub compound yuav tau nyob rau hauv lub npe "hexafluoride", uas melts nyob rau hauv ib tug kub ntawm 2,5 ° C thiab boils ntawm 19,5 ° C. Ib tug zoo xws li cov ntaub ntawv uas yog tau thaum lub compound ntawm tungsten nrog chlorine. Tab sis rau no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau es kub - txog 600 ° C. Txawm li cas los, cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yooj yim resists tug kev txiav txim ntawm dej thiab suab tsis raug hloov nyob rau hauv lub txias. Tungsten - hlau, uas yog tsis yog tsis muaj oxygen cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua nyias mus nyias nyob rau hauv alkalis. Txawm li cas los, nws yog yooj yim yaj nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov ntawm HNO ₃ thiab HF. Feem ntau ntawm cov loj cov tshuaj sib txuas ntawm tungsten - yog nws trioxide WO _3, H ₂ WO ₄ - tungstic acid thiab nws cov derivatives - tungstates ntsev.

Ib tug yuav xav txog ib co ntawm cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm tungsten los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib npaug. Piv txwv li, cov mis WO ₃ + 3H ₂ = W + 3H ₂ O. Nws yog los ntawm zoo tu qab tso tungsten hlau oxide manifests nws vaj tse mus nrog hydrogen. Qhov no kab zauv qhia txoj kev txais nws los ntawm tungsten trioxide. Tom qab mis qhia xws li ib tug cuab yeej raws li tungsten tswv yim insolubility nyob rau hauv acids: W + 2HNO3 + 6HF = WF6 + 2NO + 4H2O. Ib qho ntawm feem zoo kawg li tshuaj uas muaj tungsten carbonyl suav hais tias. Therefrom thiab tau txais tuab ultrathin txheej ntawm ntshiab tungsten.

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations

Tungsten - ib tug hlau uas tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm lub Latin lus. Txhais nws txhais tau tias "hma lub froth". Qhov no txawv txawv lub npe nyob vim tus cwj pwm ntawm cov hlau. Nrog mined ore tin, tungsten, tin teeb xaiv. Vim hais tias ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub txheej txheem ntawm smelting slag tsim xwb. Qhov no hlau yog hais tias nws "noj tin zoo li ib tug hma noj cov yaj." Muaj ntau zem uas pheej nrhiav tau cov tshuaj lub caij tungsten?

Qhov no tshawb tau ua ib txhij nyob rau hauv ob qhov chaw los ntawm txawv kws tshawb fawb, ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv 1781 lub chemist Scheele ntawm Sweden tau txais ib tug thiaj li hu ua "hnyav pob zeb", kev thwmsim nrog nitric acid thiab scheelite. Nyob rau hauv 1783, cov kwv tij chemists los ntawm Spain, Eluard lub npe kuj qhia lub foundations ntawm ib tug tshiab lub caij. Ntau precisely, lawv tau raug qhib tungsten oxide yaj nyob rau hauv ammonia.

Lub alloys nrog rau lwm cov co

Tam sim no qhov txawv ib leeg-theem thiab multi-theem tungsten alloys. Lawv muaj ib tug los yog ntau tshaj txawv teb chaws hais. Feem ntau cov paub compound - yog ib tug hlau ntawm tungsten thiab molybdenum. Ntxiv molybdenum tungsten imparts zog nyob rau hauv nro. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm ib theem tungsten alloys yuav tebchaw nrog titanium, hafnium, zirconium. Qhov loj tshaj plasticity ntawm tungsten txuas rhenium. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv kev xyaum thov ib tug hlau - ib tug ncaj lub sij hawm-siv, raws Rhenium yog heev yooj yim mus nrhiav.

Txij li thaum tungsten yog ib qho ntawm feem refractory cov ntaub ntawv, cov uas tau txais tungsten alloys - tsis yog ib qho yooj yim ua hauj lwm. Thaum zoo li no hlau yog cia li pib mus rhaub, lwm leej lwm tus twb mus nyob rau hauv ib cov kua los yog roj xeev. Tab sis niaj hnub zaum yog tau tau alloys los ntawm txoj kev electrolysis. Alloys muaj tungsten, npib tsib xee thiab cobalt, yog siv rau cov ntawv thov cov kev tiv thaiv txheej ntawm lub cev tsis kho cov ntaub ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub metallurgy kev lag luam kuj npaj alloys siv tungsten hmoov. Yuav kom tsim tus tsim nyog tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob, nrog rau cov creation ntawm ib lub tshuab nqus ib puag ncig. Vim hais tias ib co nta ntawm tungsten sis raug zoo nrog lwm yam ntsiab steelmakers xav alloys tsis tsim ib tug ob-theem yam ntxwv, thiab siv 3, 4 los yog ntau tshaj Cheebtsam. Cov alloys yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog check, tiam sis muaj tseeb raws li cov qauv. Thaum lub slightest sib txawv feem pua hlau Cheebtsam yuav tig nkig thiab unusable.

Tungsten - caij, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub kos duab

Los ntawm no hlau ua filament zoo tib yam qhov muag teev. Tsis tas li ntawd, X-ray raj apparatus muaj lub tshuab nqus tsev tshuab cua sov yuav tsum tau siv nyob tsis tshua muaj high kub. Steel, uas muaj xws li tungsten muaj ib tug heev theem siab ntawm lub zog. Xws alloys yog siv rau qhov siv thiab cov cuab yeej nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam xws li: rau drilling, tshuaj, engineering.

Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm lub tebchaw, thiab tungsten steel - hnav kuj unlikelihood kev puas tsuaj. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub tungsten hlau yog hu ua "yeej." Tsis tas li ntawd no caij yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam. Nrog nws cov tas li ntawd tsim xim pigments. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lug siv nyob rau hauv daim teb no tau tungsten oxide 6. Nws yog siv rau zus tau tej cov tungsten carbides thiab halides. Lwm lub npe rau cov khoom siv no - tungsten trioxide. 6 tungsten oxide yog siv raws li ib tug daj xim nyob rau hauv cov xim tsev rau ceramics thiab iav khoom.

Yuav ua li cas yog hnyav hlau?

Tag nrho tungsten-raws li alloys uas muaj ib tug kev kub ceev index, hu ua hnyav. Lawv ua xwb los ntawm txoj kev ntawm hmoov metallurgy. Tungsten yog yeej ib txwm lub hauv paus rau hnyav hlau, nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus yuav ua tau mus 98%. Tsis tas li ntawd no hlau yog ntxiv rau hnyav hlau npib tsib xee, tooj liab thiab hlau. Txawm li cas los, lawv yuav nkag mus rau thiab chrome, silver, cobalt, molybdenum. Qhov loj tshaj tej chaw tau ib ntus chaw nyob alloys (tungsten - npib tsib xee - iron) thiab XIP (tungsten - npib tsib xee - tooj liab). Ib tug theem siab ntawm kev ceev ntawm cov alloys tso cai rau lawv mus nqus txaus ntshai gamma tawg. Ntawm cov flywheels no yog ua los ntawm lub log, hluav taws xob hu, rotors rau gyroscope.

tungsten carbide

Kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm cov tungsten siv rau zus tau tej cov check co, tshwj xeeb yog tungsten carbide, uas muaj ib tug melting sov li ntawm 2770 C. tungsten carbide yog ib yam tshuaj compound, uas muaj vaj huam sib luag naj npawb ntawm cov carbon atoms thiab tungsten. Qhov no alloy muaj ib tshuaj zog. Tungsten muab nws ib tug lub dag lub zog xws li hais tias nws tshaj qhov ntsuas no steel ob npaug.

Tungsten carbide yog siv feem nyob rau hauv kev lag luam. Vim hais tias nws yog manufactured tej khoom mus yuav heev resistant mus rau high kub thiab puas. Tsis tas li ntawd vim hais tias ntawm no yog ua:

• Aircraft qhov chaw, lub tsheb xyaw.
• Paub meej rau spaceships.
• Kev Kho Mob thiab phais seev, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv mob plab phais. Tej cuab yeej muaj ntau kim tshaj cov pa kho mob steel, tab sis lawv muaj ntau tsim.
• Hniav nyiaj hniav kub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev koom tes rings. Tej chaw tungsten txuas rau nws lub zog, rau qhov txij nkawm uas symbolizes lub dag lub zog kev sib raug zoo, raws li tau zoo raws li tsos. Nta polished tungsten nyob rau hauv daim ntawv xws li hais tias nws rau ib tug ntev heev lub sij hawm preserves daim iav, ci tsos.
• Khoom rau pob-point cwjmem cov khoom kim heev.

Yeej - tungsten hlau

Kwv yees li nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 1920 los, ntau lub teb chaws tau pib ua alloys rau tej cuab yeej, uas yog npaj los ntawm tungsten carbide thiab cobalt hlau. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, xws li ib alloy hu ua Vidya, nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States - Karbolit. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, xws li ib alloy yog hu ua "yeej." Cov alloys twb zoo heev rau cov kev kho mob ntawm cam khwb cia hlau cov khoom. Yeej yog ib tug tej hub-hlau hlau nrog ib tug tsis tshua theem siab ntawm kev ruaj ntseg. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov phiaj ntau daim thiab ntau thiab tsawg.

Pobedita tsim txoj kev yog raws li nram no: muab ib tug tungsten carbide hmoov, hmoov zoo ntawm npib tsib xee los yog cobalt, thiab txhua yam yog tov thiab nias nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb molds. Lub nias phaj li no raug mus ntxiv thaum tshav kub kub kev kho mob. Qhov no muab ib tug heev nyuaj hlau. Cov phiaj no tsis tsuas yog siv rau tej ntawm cam khwb cia hlau, tab sis kuj rau qhov siv thiab ua laum cov cuab yeej. Phiaj pobedita soldered rau drilling cov khoom siv tooj liab.

Loj heev ntawm tungsten nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Qhov no hlau yog heev me ntsis kis nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig. Tom qab tag nrho cov ntsiab 57 nws yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw thiab yog tam sim no raws li Clark tungsten. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hlau yog minerals - scheelite thiab wolframite. Tungsten migrates mus rau hauv qab av los yog raws li ion muaj los yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntau yam tebchaw. Tab sis qhov loj tshaj plaws concentration yog negligible nyob rau hauv av. Nws yog ib tug ob peb hundredths ntawm mg / l thiab suab tsis hloov lawv cov tshuaj zog. Tungsten kuj yuav tso tawm rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso dej lub cev los ntawm wastewater nroj tsuag thiab factories.

Cov nyhuv rau tib neeg lub cev

Tungsten tsis yog los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog dej los yog khoom noj khoom haus. Tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug uas yuav nqus tau pa ntawm tungsten hais raws ntawm cov huab cua nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Txawm li cas los, txawm teej tug mus rau hauv qeb ntawm hnyav hlau, tungsten yog uas tsis yog-tshuaj lom. Tungsten lom tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas muaj kev cob cog nrog lub zus tau tej cov tungsten. Lub degree ntawm hlau ntxim rau lub cev yuav ua tau txawv. Piv txwv li, tungsten hmoov, tungsten carbide, thiab xws li ib yam khoom raws li anhydrite tungstic acid, yuav ua mob ntsws puas tsuaj. Nws lub ntsiab mob - malaise, ua npaws. Loj dua cov tsos mob tshwm sim thaum uas taug tungsten alloys. Qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm nqus tau pa ntawm hmoov av alloys thiab ua rau bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis.

Nws yog xim hlau tungsten, ntog hauv tib neeg lub cev, yog tsis yaim nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv thiab maj tso tawm. Tej zaum sawv cev rau ib tug zoo txaus ntshai tungsten tebchaw teej tug mus rau soluble. Lawv tso nyob rau hauv tus po, cov pob txha thiab tej tawv nqaij. Heev raug ntawm tungsten tebchaw yuav tshwm sim tsos mob xws li nkig tes, daim tawv nqaij Zaubqhw, ntau hom dermatitis.

Stocks ntawm tungsten nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntau yam

Qhov loj tshaj plaws tungsten kev pab muaj nyob rau hauv Russia, Canada thiab Tuam Tshoj. Zaum kwv yees hais tias nyob rau hauv lub domestic chaw uas zoo heev nyob txog 943 txhiab tons ntawm no hlau. Yog hais tias peb ntseeg hais tias cov kev kwv yees, feem coob ntawm cov reserves nyob rau hauv yav qab teb Siberia thiab Far East. Heev me ntsis yog paub cov kev pab feem - nws tsuas yog hais txog 7%.

Los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm cov pov thawj tso ntawm tungsten Russia yog zaum ob tsuas yog mus rau Tuam Tshoj. Feem ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm Kabardino-Balkaria thiab Buryatia. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov teb tsis ua ntshiab tungsten thiab nws cov ore kuj muaj molybdenum, kub, Bismuth, tellurium, scandium, thiab lwm yam. Ob feem peb ntawm cov ntim ntawm lub resulting tungsten tshawb qhov chaw encased nyob rau hauv refractory ores, qhov twg lub ntsiab volframosoderzhaschim mineral yog scheelite. Cov qhia tawm legkoobogatimyh ore nyiaj rau xwb ib feem peb ntawm cov ntau lawm. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm tungsten ua nyob rau hauv Russia yog qis dua txawv teb chaws. Ores muaj ib tug loj feem pua ntawm cov tungsten trioxide. Nyob rau hauv Russia, heev ob peb hlau alluvial deposits. Tungsten sands kuj tsis zoo nrog ib tug ntau ntawm oxides.

Tungsten nyob rau hauv kev khwv nyiaj txiag

Ntiaj teb no tungsten ntau lawm pib loj hlob los ntawm hais txog 2009, thaum kuv pib rov qab Asian kev lag luam. Qhov loj tshaj plaws tsim kom muaj cov tungsten yog Tuam Tshoj. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 2013 qhia tawm rau ntawm raug nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no lees paub rau 81% ntawm lub ntiaj teb mov. Hais txog 12% ntawm cov kev thov rau tungsten txuam nrog rau zus tau tej cov teeb pom kev zoo fixtures. Raws li kws txawj, kev siv ntawm tungsten nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yuav raug muab txo thaum lub sij hawm kev kho mob nrog LED thiab fluorescent teeb nyob rau hauv lub domestic ib puag ncig thiab lub chaw ua hauj lwm.

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias yuav muaj loj hlob coob rau tungsten nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov hluav taws xob khoom. High coj kuj ntawm tungsten thiab nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj hluav taws xob ua qhov no feem ntau haum hlau rau zus tau tej cov voltage regulators. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov kev thov yog tseem heev me me, thiab nws yog kwv yees hais tias los ntawm 2018 nws yuav loj hlob los ntawm tsuas 2%. Txawm li cas los, raws li Zaum kwv yees hais tias nyob rau hauv lub nyob ze yav tom ntej yuav tsum tshwm sim nce coob rau cemented carbide. Qhov no yog vim txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tsheb ntau lawm nyob rau hauv lub US, Tuam Tshoj, teb chaws Europe, thiab ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub tsuas kev lag luam. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias los ntawm 2018, thov kom tungsten yuav ua rau kom los ntawm 3.6%.