Hydrostatic Galileo nplai. Galileo Galilei: ib tug luv luv biography

Galileo Galilei - Italian tus paub txog, ib tug philologist, ib tug kws kho tsheb, critic, kws sau paj lug, astronomer thiab physicist. Nws muaj ib tug tseem ceeb cawv rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Lub hauv paus ntawm kev paub thiab kev suav fiercely tiv thaiv tiv thaiv cov kev kawm ce. Tam sim no nws yog lub npe hu mus rau tag nrho nws tau: Galilei yees ua ib lub hydrostatic teev, thermoscope thiab zoo tag nrho lub tsom iav raj. Tus kws tshawb fawb yog tus founder ntawm kev sim physics. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav qhia rau koj hais txog lub neej thiab inventions ntawm Galileo. Wb tau pib.

Childhood thiab tiav hluas

Galileo Galilei, ib tug luv luv biography uas yuav tsum tau hais hauv qab no, tau yug los nyob rau hauv Pisa (Ltalis) nyob rau hauv 1564. Nws txiv ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug tshuab raj thiab mathematician, tau xaiv rau tus tub ntawm cov kev kho mob profession. Tom qab tus tub hluas tas convent lub tsev kawm ntawv, nws txhais tau hais tias nws nyob rau hauv lub University of Pisa kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj. Tab sis kaum xya hauv lub xeev Kalilais, nws yog tsis nthuav. Nws sab laug lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab mus rau Florence, qhov uas nws pib kawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Archimedes thiab Euclid. Galileo txiv, muab kev thov tus tub txhais nws rau hauv lub philosophical kws qhia ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv thaum yau Galileo hlub vim txhua yam khoom ua si thiab cov uas twb muaj lawm ua qauv ntawm ships, mills, cov cav tov. Menyuam kawm ntawv Galileo Viviani, tom qab sau tau ib biography ntawm tus paub txog hais tias twb nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, Galileo yog heev tej kev cai no. Nws yog vim rau qhov cov zoo nws muaj peev xwm mus ua ib qho tseem ceeb foundations: pom nyob rau hauv Pisa Cathedral qev chandeliers, ib tug tub hluas tuaj nrog cov kev cai lij choj ntawm isochronism ntawm pendulum oscillations (lub ywj pheej ntawm cov sib txawv ntawm cov oscillation lub sij hawm). Muaj ntau soj ntsuam ntawm pom zoo nrog Viviani thiab ntseeg tau hais tias qhov no foundations tsis yog mus rau Kalilais. Tab sis nws yog lub npe hu hais tias Galileo pheej soj ntsuam cov kev cai lij choj empirically. Nws kuj siv nws rau ib tug tej yam ntev ntawm lub sij hawm. Qhov no xyaum ua tej yam twb enthusiastically tau txais los ntawm cov kws kho mob.

Galileo hydrostatic teev

Nyob rau hauv 1586, ib tug hluas paub txog luam tawm thawj scientific ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug tswv yim xwm. Galileo tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb hydrostatic teev, thiab ib tug paub piav qhia txog ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm. Peb yuav hais tias nws tau txiav txim siab nws txoj hmoo raws li ib tus paub txog.

Hydrostatic uas teev cia los mus txiav txim thaum cov kev ceev ntawm precious pob zeb thiab hlau. Cov kev nws tus kheej tau qhib ntau Archimedes. Galileo txoj kev ua hauj lwm txoj cai "Me Nplai" yog ib tug Florentine mathematician Guido del Monte. Tus kws tshawb fawb pom tam sim ntawd nyob rau hauv lub Galileo feemxyuam kws kho tsheb thiab xav kom tau raws li nws.

Nws yog nyob rau qhov kev pom zoo ntawm Del Monte nyob rau hauv 1589 Galileo tau txais ib tug professorship nyob rau ntawm nws lub tsev kawm ntawv, nws yog tsis mus tag vim nyiaj txiag teeb meem. Txawm li cas los, nws coj ib tug yam tsawg kawg nkaus cov nyiaj hli, tab sis zaum tseem yog kev zoo siab vim hais tias hydrostatic teev Galileo ua nto moo nyob rau hauv lub scientific ntiaj teb no. Nws twb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog paub tias cov Italian mathematicians.

Lub treatise "Nyob rau hauv kev khiav tawm"

Pib qhia ntawv rau hauv lub University of lej thiab philosophy, Galileo ntsib ib tug yooj yim xaiv. Nyob rau hauv ib tes - lub inviolable dogma views ntawm Aristotle, nyob rau lwm yam - lawv tus kheej reflections, backed los ntawm kev. Raws li Aristotle lub cev ceev nco yog proportional rau qhov nyhav. Galileo refuted no daim ntawv qhia, thaum nyob rau hauv heev heev tim khawv poob los ntawm ntxhua pej thuam ntawm cov khoom ntawm tib yam loj, tiam sis muaj ntau tes taw hnyav li. Aristotle qhia hais tias sib txawv lub cev muaj ntau "lightness vaj tse", yog li ib co ntawm lawv yuav ntog sai npaum li cas tshaj lwm tus. Hais tias lub cev yog nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab, nws xav tau kev pab cua laub, li no zog ntawm lub cev ntawd hais cov tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm voids. Sim kawm Galileo hais lwm yam.

Nyob rau hauv 1590, tus kws tshawb fawb sau tau ib treatise "Nyob rau hauv kev khiav tawm". Nyob rau hauv nws, nws thuam lub views ntawm cov followers ntawm Aristotle (Peripatetics). Qhov no tshwm sim los disapproval ntawm tus paub txog los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub breech kawm science. Ntxiv mus, tsis haum salaried Galileo. Nws yog heev cramped nyob rau hauv cov xov xwm. Pab nws aforementioned del Monte, kom Galileo nyob rau hauv Padua University.

Padua lub sij hawm

Txij li thaum 1592 pib lub feem ntau tsim lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ib soj ntsuam. Peb twb tham txog Galileo hydrostatic teev, uas ua rau nws cov thawj discovery. Yog li ntawd, ntau lub xyoo ntawm kev qhia ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Padua paub txog nws ua lwm ob. Galileo yees thermoscope rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm thermal phenomena thiab zoo tag nrho lub tsom iav raj yuav ua rau nws ib tug tsom iav raj.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb thermoscope pas ntsuas kub yog qhov chiv keeb. Yuav kom txua nws, Galileo tau radically rethink uas twb muaj lawm thaum lub sij hawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm txias thiab cua sov.

Tus invention ntawm lub tsom iav raj nyob rau hauv Venice paub twb nyob rau hauv 1609. Intrigued cov ntaub ntawv discovery, Galileo zoo tag nrho cov ntaus ntawv thiab nruj heev heev rau nws mus soj ntsuam cov starry ntuj. Thaum pib ntawm 1610 nws tau pab soj ntsuam ntawm pom peb satellites ntawm cov ntiaj chaw Jupiter. Saib cov ntiaj chaw ntawm txawv sij hawm, Galileo muaj peev xwm to taub li cas cov satellites tig ib ncig ntawm nws, thiab tsis lwm versa. Qhov no paub tseeb hais tias Kepler qauv system, uas yog ib tug supporter ntawm tus paub txog.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Galileo sab lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm Relativity nyob rau hauv lub puab. Nws tsim nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub tam sim no lub hom phiaj ntawm Relativity. Galileo pom misconceptions txog lub zog ntawm Aristotle. Empirically paub txog pom tias lub zog (txhua yam txheej txheem) yog tus txheeb ze. Hais tias yog tsis los tham txog lub zog, tsis paub txog nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau ib tug "lub cev ntawm reference" nws tshwm sim. Lawv tus kheej raws li cov kev cai ntawm cov lus tsa suab los xij. Yog li ntawd, kaw cov nkoj hav zoov, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau experimentally txiav txim seb nws yog uniformly los yog so rau hauv pem teb yog tsiv.

astronomical discoveries

Vim advanced telescope nyob rau hauv tus paub txog muaj tshiab uas. Galileo Galiley sab rau theem ntawm Venus, thiab los ua convinced ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov hnub qub ntawm lub kab lig ntuj txoj kev. Saib lub zog ntawm xauj tej yam, tus kws tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias tus txheej txheem no yog vim txoj kev sib hloov ntawm lub hnub. Los ntawm kev kawm rau qhov chaw ntawm lub hli, Galileo pom Craters thiab roob. Tag nrho cov no, nws undermined lub credibility ntawm lub cosmogonic dogma ntawm lub immutability ntawm lub ntug, uas tau ua ib tug kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv astronomy. Tag nrho nws cov tswvyim, Galileo piav nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv "Star Gazette", uas yog luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1610. Qhov no ua hauj lwm nws muaj nplooj siab mus rau lub Duke ntawm Tuscany rau sawv cev ntawm Kozimo Medichi.

Rov qab mus rau Florence

Tsis ntev lub Duke caw Galileo mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Florence. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau raug tsa ua ntej lub tsev hais plaub philosopher thiab mathematician ntawm lub University, uas yog tsis yuam ua hauj lwm mus nyeem tau lectures. Los ntawm lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm ntawm Galileo los ua lub npe hu thoob plaws hauv ltalis. Admired ntawm lawv fiercely ntxub los ntawm lwm tus neeg. Qhov tseeb yog thawj lub sij hawm ua heev tsis manifest nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv 1611 lub astronomer txawm caw mus rau tim Loos, qhov uas nws tau enthusiastically greeted tus thawj lub ntsej muag ntawm lub nroog thiab lub tsev teev ntuj. Galileo tseem twb tsis muaj lub tswv yim hais txog cov ntsia nws daim card keb soj ntsuam. Offensive tw intensified nyob rau hauv 1613, thaum lub Inquisition twb tsa qhov teeb meem ntawm lub incompatibility ntawm cov Vaj Lug nrog cov discoveries ntawm Galileo. Cov soj ntsuam muab qhov no xwb ncauj lus kom ntxaws teb, uas npaj rau kom meej meej paub qhov txawv ntawm science thiab lub tsev teev ntuj. Nyob rau hauv 1616 nws tau mus rau Rome rau lub hom phiaj tiv thaiv lawv tej lus qhuab qhia.

Tus thawj txheej txheem

Muaj tej yam twb zoo heev. Yog vim li cas rau cov uas yog ci ntsa iab uas yus hnov muaj peev xwm Galileo. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tus paub txog pab Duke ntawm Tuscany, sau ntawv rau lub Inquisition cov tsiaj ntawv. Nqi coj tiv thaiv Galileo pom tau hais tias groundless. Tam sim no, txawm li cas los, ua ntej zaum muaj ib tug heev kev sib tw: lub legalization ntawm lawv scientific views.

Copernican system yuav tsis tau tab tiv thaiv, tab sis ib daim ntawv ntawm kev sib tham, sib cav tswv yim yog tsis txwv tsis pub. Yog li ntawd, Galileo sau ntawv sau "sib tham txog cov ebb thiab khiav" nyob rau hauv uas lub peb interlocutors sib tham ob lub ntsiab systems ntawm lub ntiaj teb no - Copernicus thiab Ptolemy. Nyob rau hauv 1630 nws tau mus rau Rome nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no. Zaum ob xyoo yuav kam nrog censorship, kom tau kev tso cai mus rau luam tawm cov ntawv sau. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, nws tawm los nyob rau hauv Florence nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 1632.

Qhov thib ob txheej txheem

Inquisition tam sim ntawd reacted kom tus ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv, nyeem thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Qhov kawg ntawm 1632 Galileo kom tuaj mus rau tim Loos. Tus kws tshawb fawb nug rau ib tug ncua vim nws muaj mob thiab cov neeg laus uas muaj hnub nyoog. Tab sis nws thov yuav unanswered. Thaum pib ntawm 1633 nws raug coj mus rau Rome rau ib tug stretcher. Tsis pub dhau ib lub hlis, nws nyob rau hauv lub Tuscan envoy, thiab ces raug ntiab tawm Galileo nyob rau hauv tsev loj cuj ntawm lub Inquisition. Ces muaj ntshai heev txawm ntawm kev tsim txom, renunciation yuav tsum tau, interrogations thiab qhov phem tshaj plaws rau ib tug soj ntsuam - kev puas tsuaj ntawm nws tej hauj lwm. Yuav kom nrhiav pov thawj nws "Dialogues" ua ntej Galileo txiav txim ua tsis tau tejyam. Tom qab mus sib hais, tus paub txog twb coj tuaj rau lub monastery ntawm St. Minerva, ua rau kos npe rau ib renunciation thiab laj mej pej xeem hloov siab lees txim rau nws lub hauv caug.

tsis ntev los no xyoo

Nyob rau hauv 1637, Galileo Galilei, ib tug luv luv biography uas twb tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, tau poob nws lub xub ntiag. Tab sis ua ntej ntawd, tus paub txog kev tswj kom tiav qhov kev ua hauj lwm, rau siab ua nws tau nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm mechanics. Labor hu ua "lej proofs thiab sib tham." Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub "sib tham" nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no muaj tag nrho cov tau piav raws li yog hais tias tus tsis sib haum nrog ntawm UFW ntawm Aristotle yog tsis tseem ceeb thiab tsim nyog rau cov kev pom zoo ntawm cov tshiab kev views. Ua tsaug rau lub dag zog ntawm cov phooj ywg ntawm Galileo phau ntawv yog txawm tias thaum tus neeg tshawb fawb lub neej. Nws yog qhov no incredibly zoo siab.

Galileo tuag nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1642 nyob rau hauv ib tug villa nyob rau hauv Arcetri. Nyob rau hauv 1732-m hmoov av paub txog xa mus rau Florence thiab faus tom ntej no mus Michelangelo.

Qhov no tag nrho biography. Galileo Galiley mus ib txhis inscribed nws lub npe nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm science. Thaum kawg peb tuaj ib tug ob peb cov lus tseeb hais txog qhov no soj ntsuam.

Nthuav lus tseeb hais txog Galileo Galilei

• Nyob rau hauv 1992, lub Pope piav txog tus paub txog raws li ib tug ci ntsa iab physicist thiab qhia kev khuv xim txog lub pronounced nws kawg kab lus. Nws yog tus thawj pej xeem hais tias tau lub Vatican txog txoj kev sib hloov ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hnub.
• Hydrostatic Galileo teev muaj nyob rau hauv rau sab saum toj tsib ci ntsa iab tshaj inventions, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm.
• Cov kab lus "Thiab tsis tau nws tawm mus!" Lub soj ntsuam yeej tsis hais. Qhov no tswvyim hais ua dabneeg twb yees ua los ntawm ib tug Italian journalist.