Khoom cua ziag of Evolution

Khoom cua ziag of Evolution yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm kev koom nyob rau hauv lub 20 xyoo ntawm ecology, noob caj noob ces thiab Darwinism. Niaj hnub no, nws yog suav tias yog lub feem ntau tag thiab tsim heev ua kom tiav. Synthetic kev tshawb xav ntawm evolution embodied lub classical pejxeem noob caj noob ces thiab Darwinism.

Tus thawj yuav ua kom paub ib tug kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic mus kom ze yog Chetverikov Sergey. Nyob rau hauv 1926 nws luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm nyob qhov twg cov evolution ntawm lub neej (nyob rau hauv tej yam) tau raug xam tias yog los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm noob caj noob ces. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm Chetverikov coj ob peb kev cai. Raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm lawv tej yam ntuj tso coob txog Drosophila tau npaum li cas. Yog li, tus paub txog pom muaj cov nram qab no:

1. Change nyob rau hauv cov xwm tshwm sim tas li.
2. Recessive hloov yuav mob indefinitely nyob rau hauv lub heterozygous lub xeev.
3. Nrog ib tug noog change nyob rau tib lub hom ntawm cov tsos mob yog loosened lub sij hawm (raws li lawv hnub nyoog).
4. Qhov loj interspecies ntau yam zoo yam yog genetic variation thiab kev rho tawm.
5. Panmixia (free hla) ua rau polymorphism thiab xaiv - ib tug monomorphism ntawm lub hom.

Qhov kev tshawb xav hais Chetverikov, nws qhia tau hais tias tsub zuj zuj ntawm txoj kev random change ua rau kom coj directionality, hais txog cov hoob kawm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob. Txuas ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm kev qhia Lavxias teb sab geneticists xws li Romashov, Timofeev Resovskii Vavilov, Dubinin thiab lwm tus neeg. Cov hauj lwm ntawm no thiab lwm yam nuj nqis tsim ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas cov khoom cua kev tshawb xav ntawm evolution.

Nyob rau hauv lub 30 xyoo ntawm Wright Holdeymsa, Fischer nteg lub lub hauv paus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev qhia nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob.

Ib qho ntawm thawj ua hauj lwm qhov twg cov khoom cua kev tshawb xav ntawm evolution, nyob rau hauv nws cov essence, ib tug monograph rau Dobzhansky twb teem tawm lub keeb kwm ntawm hom thiab noob caj noob ces. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no cov xim tau teem rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub mechanisms ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic coob ntawm cov system nyob rau hauv raws li tus ntawm ntau yam. Cov yam, nyob rau hauv particular, xws li kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic variability, lub hloov mus hloov los nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov neeg uas nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau coob, tsiv teb tsaws. Ib tug poj koob cawv thiab ua rau evolution thiab kev ua me nyuam rho tawm yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib hom tshiab cov ntaub ntawv.

Yog ib tug zoo heev pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev qhia Schmalhausen. Nyob rau hauv raws li cov tswv yim union ntawm embryology, evolutionary kev tshawb xav, paleontology, morphology thiab noob caj noob ces, zaum tau ua nyob rau hauv-tob kev tshawb fawb piv phylogeny thiab ontogeny, nais maum kuaj lub ntsiab tiam sis nyob rau hauv lub evolution thiab tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm yuav tsum muaj kev cai ntawm cov niaj hnub ziag no.

Ntawm cov tseem ceeb rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm yooj yim kev tshawb fawb yog lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Huxley, "Evolution. Cov niaj hnub synthesis". Ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb kuj txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov nqi ntawm txoj kev loj hlob los ntawm Simpson.

Khoom cua ziag no raws li nyob rau hauv kaum ib loj postulates. Lawv concisely formulated Vorontsov.

1. Change, raws li me me discrete hloov nyob rau hauv caj no yog evolutionary khoom uas yog random.
2. Main, rau ib co raws li, txawm yog tib tug tsav tsheb quab yuam qab lub kev loj hlob yog hais tias yuav ib tug natural xaiv, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev xaiv ntawm me me thiab random change.
3. Tus me tshaj unit yog pom tias yuav ua tau ib tug nrog pejxeem.
4. Txoj kev loj hlob muaj gradation (maj) thiab tas mus li xwm.
5. Saib muaj ntau subordinate thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm distinguishable (morphologically, txhob kaw thiab physiologically), tab sis tsis reproductively cais units.
6. Evolution yuav tsum tau cov divergence yam ntxwv.
7. Feed noob (alleles pauv) yog tso cai nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv ib hom. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws yog (ib tug zoo) yog xav kom ua tau ib tug kev thiab txhob kaw kaw system.
8. Hom zog tsis siv rau cov ntaub ntawv uas cov me nyuam asexually los ntawm parthenogenesis thiab.
9. Macroevolution tshwm sim los ntawm microevolutionary.
10. Real taxon muaj monofiliticheskoe keeb kwm (hais txog ib tug pog koob yawm txwv daim ntawv no).
11. Evolution yog ib tug txheej txheem unpredictable, muaj tsis-directional xwm ntawm lub hom phiaj.