Allotropic kev hloov kho

Allotrope hais txog cov muaj peev xwm ntawm atoms ntawm lub caij tsim ntau hom ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj. Yog li ntawd tsim tebchaw txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam.

Allotropic kev hloov kho yog ruaj khov. Lub qhov siab tej yam kev mob, nyob rau lwm kub, cov tshuaj yuav tsiv mus nyob ib leeg nyob rau hauv lub lwm yam.

Allotropic kev hloov kho tej zaum yuav tsim nyob rau ntawm molecules muaj ib tug txawv tus naj npawb ntawm atoms. Piv txwv li, lub caij cov pa ntaub ntawv ozone (O3) thiab lub sij tshuaj oxygen (O2).

Allotropic kev hloov kho tej zaum yuav khib nyiab muaj ib tug txawv siv lead ua qauv. Tej tebchaw muaj xws li, piv txwv li, cov pob zeb diamond thiab graphite. Cov tshuaj - carbon allotropic kev hloov kho. Qhov no tshuaj caij tej zaum yuav tsim ib tug tsib yooj yim tshuaj: hexagonal thiab nyhav pob zeb diamond, graphite, carbyne (ob daim ntawv).

Hexagonal pob zeb diamond nyob rau hauv meteorites thiab npaj nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj los ntawm heev cua sov nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug heev kub siab.

Pob zeb diamond yog lub npe hu, nws yog tus yam tag nrho cov tshuaj uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Nws siv thaum drilling pob zeb thiab txiav iav. Pob zeb diamond yog pob tshab tsis muaj kob crystalline tshuaj uas muaj ib tug high svetoprelomlyaemostyu. Pob Zeb Diamond muaju muaj ib lub ntsej muag-rau nruab nrab nyhav lattice. Ib nrab ntawm crystal atoms nyob rau hauv lub chaw zov me nyuam ntawm npoo thiab vertices ntawm lub thawv muaj rau sab, thiab tshuav ib nrab ntawm cov atoms - nyob rau ntawm chaw zov me nyuam ntawm ib sab thiab vertices ntawm lwm lub voos xwmfab, uas yog pab txhawb txheeb ze mus rau tus thawj coj ntawm qhov chaw kab pheeb ces kaum. Tetrahedral atoms tsim ib tug peb-dimensional daim phiaj nyob rau hauv uas lawv muaj ib tug covalent daim ntawv cog lus.

Ntawm tag nrho cov elementary tshuaj xwb nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb diamond yog tam sim no lub siab tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm atoms, uas yog pov tseg heev densely. Raws li, qhov compound no muaj zog heev thiab txhav. Check daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv cov pa roj carbon tetrahedra muab tshuaj kuj. Thaum cov pob zeb diamond yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam tsuas fluorine los yog cov pa ntawm ib tug kub ntawm yim degrees.

Yog tsis muaj kev nkag tau mus rau saum huab cua nyob rau hauv muaj zog cua sov ntawm lub pob zeb diamond yog hloov mus graphite. Qhov no tshuaj yog sawv cev los ntawm muaju uas tsaus nti grey xim nqaij daim tawv. Graphite muaj faint nws yog xim hlau sheen. Ntawm qhov kov ntawm ib tug oily substance. Graphite yog ruaj khov rau tshav kub kub, muaj ib tug kuj siab thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cwj mem qhuav.

Carbyne npaj synthetically. Qhov no khoom dub nrog ib tug glassy ci. Yog tsis muaj kev nkag tau mus rau saum huab cua nyob rau hauv cov cua kub carbyne hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv graphite.

Muaj yog ib tug ntau daim ntawv ntawm cov pa roj carbon - amorphous carbon. Qhov no unordered qauv yog tau los ntawm cua sov carbon-muaj tebchaw. Loj thee deposits yog pom nyob rau hauv cov qus. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub tshuaj muaj ob peb ntau yam. Thee yuav sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm soot, pob txha char, los yog coke.

Raws li twb tau hais, ib tug allotropic kev hloov kho ntawm lub caij yog yus muaj los ntawm ntau interatomic qauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yog tej txiaj ntsim nrog sib txawv tshuaj thiab lub zog.

Sulfur yog ib tug ntxiv caij muaj peev xwm ntawm allotropes. Qhov no tshuaj yog siv los ntawm txiv neej txij ancient sij hawm. Muaj ntau allotropic kev hloov kho ntawm sulfur. Cov feem nrov yog rhombic. Nws yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug daj khoom. Rhombic leej faj yog tsis wetted los ntawm dej (floats). Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yog siv nyob rau hauv lub extraction ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Rhombic leej faj yog soluble nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw muaj cov neeg pluag hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity.

Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj yog yas thiab monoclinic sulfur. Tus thawj yog ib tug xim av amorphous (roj hmab-zoo li no) loj. Nws yog tsim nyob rau, yog tias dej txias ncuav molten sulfur. Monoclinic muaj tuaj raws li tsaus ntuj nti daj koob. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ambient (los yog kwv lam mus) ob ntawm cov kev hloov kho kub dhau mus rau hauv lub rhombic sulfur.