Amorphous thiab crystalline khib nyiab, lawv lub zog

Cov khoom yog crystalline thiab cov amorphous lub cev. Crystal - thiaj hu ua nyob rau hauv ancient dej khov. Thiab ces nws tuaj yuav tsum tau hu ua quartz siv lead ua thiab rhinestone, xav txog tej no minerals petrified dej khov. Lub muaju yog tej yam ntuj tso thiab tus txiv neej-ua (hluavtaws). Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv lub hniav nyiaj hniav kub kev lag luam, optics, electronics thiab hluav taws xob engineering, li txhawb rau cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv high-precision seev raws li superhard abrasive khoom.

Crystalline khib nyiab yog yus muaj los ntawm hardness, muaj ib tug ncaj qha kev txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm molecules, atoms los yog ions, li no txoj kev ua ib periodic peb-dimensional siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo (qauv). Externally, nws yog qhia kev khoom daim ntawv symmetry ntawm lub cev thiab tej lub zog. Nyob rau hauv lwm daim ntawv ntawm tus siv lead ua lub cev qhia tus symmetry xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv lub internal "ntim" ntawm tus hais. Qhov no txiav txim seb tus koob pheej ntawm lawv ntawm lub ces kaum ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm tag nrho cov muaju muaj tib lub substance.

Lawv yuav tsum sib npaug thiab cov kev coj ntawm qhov chaw mus rau center ntawm neighboring atoms (yog hais tias lawv tau nyob rau ib tug hluas txoj kab ncaj nraim, qhov no deb yuav tsum yog tib yam thoob plaws qhov ntev ntawm lub kab). Tab sis rau atoms uas pw rau ntawm ib tug ncaj kab los ntawm lwm yam kev taw qhia, qhov kev ncua deb yuav tsum yog ib tug sib txawv ntawm cov chaw zov me nyuam ntawm cov atoms. Qhov no tso nyiaj rau hauv lub anisotropy. Anisotropy - tseem ceeb tshaj, txawv los ntawm amorphous crystalline khib nyiab.

Ntau tshaj 90% khib nyiab yuav ntaus nqi mus rau muaju. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lawv muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib muaju thiab polycrystalline kuaj. Tib muaju - ib, seb cov neeg uas yuav sawv cev los ntawm kev uas; lawv yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm muaj ib tug tas mus li siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, thiab cov anisotropy ntawm lub zog.

Polycrystals - ib lub cev muaj ntau me me muaju, "fused" nrog txhua lwm yam dog dig erratically. Polycrystals yog hlau, qab zib, pob zeb, xuab zeb. Nyob rau hauv xws lub cev (e.g., ib tug hlau fragment) anisotropy yog tsis feem ntau yog tshwm vim yog lub random kev kho ntawm lub ntsiab, txawm hais tias nyias coj siv lead ua anisotropy cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev.

Lwm yam thaj chaw ntawm crystalline ntawv uas siv: kub nruj me ntsis txhais crystallization thiab melting ntsiab lus (lub xub ntiag ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb cov ntsiab lus), lub zog, elasticity, conductivity, flux, Thaum tshav kub kub conductivity.

Amorphous - muaj tsis puab. Yog li ntawd cia txhais los ntawm Greek lo lus. Amorphous lub cev uas tsim los ntawm cov xwm. Piv txwv li, amber, ciab, volcanic iav. By tsim dag amorphous khib nyiab muab kev koom tes cov neeg - iav thiab cob (artificial), paraffin, yas (polymers), rosin, naphthalene, var. Amorphous tshuaj tsis muaj ib tug siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo vim tus chaotic arrangement ntawm molecules (atoms, ions) nyob rau hauv lub cev cov qauv. Yog li ntawd, lub cev zog ntawm ib co amorphous isotropic lub cev - tib yam nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia. Rau amorphous cov ntaub ntawv, muaj yog tsis muaj ib qho tseem ceeb kub melting point, lawv maj mam softened li cov cua kub thiab tig mus rau hauv khov kua. Amorphous lub cev faib intermediate (hloov) qhov teeb meem no ntawm cov dej thiab crystalline khib nyiab: lawv tawv thiab ua elastic tas yuav tawg thaum ntaus shapeless nais thaum uas tsis muaj kub. Sov siab, cov ntsiab muaj ductility, ua dej khov.

Tam sim no uas koj paub tias dab tsi tus siv lead ua lub cev!