Zoo meej roj

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias tag nrho cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm muaj lawv lub xeev ntawm aggregation, yog ib tus uas yog ib cov roj. Cheebtsam ntawm tus hais - molecules thiab atoms - yog spaced apart ntawm ib tug deb. Txawm li cas los, lawv yog nyob rau hauv qhov free zog. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse uas hais tias tus sis ntawm cov hais no tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm convergence, dramatically ua cov kev ceev ntawm lub colliding molecules thiab lawv loj. Qhov no gaseous lub xeev ntawm teeb meem distinguished los ntawm cov khoom thiab kua.

Lo lus "roj" nyob rau hauv Greek suab zoo li "chaos". Qhov no zoo kawg nkaus characterizes lub zog ntawm hais, uas yog tiag tiag random thiab chaotic. Cov pa roj tsis tsim ib tug meej nto, nws nyob rau hauv tag nrho ntim muaj nyob rau nws. Xws li ib tug lub xeev ntawm teeb meem - lub feem ntau nyob rau hauv peb ntug.

Cov kev cai uas txiav txim seb lub zog thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm tej tshuaj, thiab formulate ib qho yooj yim mus xav txog cov piv txwv ntawm ib lub xeev nyob rau hauv uas tus kwv tij ceev ntawm lub lwg me me thiab atoms yog tsawg. Nws twb hu ua lub "tagnrho roj". Nws qhov kev ncua deb ntawm tus hais yog ntau dua qhov voos kheej-kheej ntawm kev sis raug zoo intermolecular rog.

Yog li, tus zoo tagnrho roj - ib tug theoretical qauv ntawm qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv uas yuav luag tsis muaj kev sis raug zoo hais. Rau nws, lub nram qab no tej yam kev mob yuav tsum muaj:

1. Heev me me luaj li cas ntawm cov molecules.

2. Tsis muaj kev sis raug zoo nruab nrab ntawm lawv.

3. Collisions tshwm sim raws li cov kev sib tsoo ntawm elastic khoom.

Ib tug piv txwv zoo ntawm lub xeev no ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas gases yuav hu ua nyob rau hauv uas lub siab ntawm ib tug tsawg kub tsis ntau tshaj 100 lub sij hawm atmospheric. Lawv ranked li tawm.

Lub tswvyim ntawm "zoo tagnrho roj" science tau ua rau nws tau los tsim kom tau molecular-kinetic kev tshawb xav, uas nws tshawb pom yog paub tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv ntau thwmsim. Raws li cov lus qhia no yog cov sib txawv tagnrho gases classical thiab quantum.

Nta ntawm cov thawj yog reflected nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm classical physics. Cov tsab ntawv tsa suab hais nyob rau hauv cov roj yog yus ib leeg, lub siab sib sib zog tsa rau ntawm phab ntsa yog sib npaug zos rau qhov tawm ntawm cov pulses uas kis tau ntawm ib tug neeg molecules kev sib tsoo rau tej lub sij hawm. Lawv lub zog yog lub sum ntawm lub neej coj ib tug neeg hais. Ua hauj lwm zoo tagnrho roj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog muab los xam Clapeyron kab zauv p = nkT. Ib tug piv txwv ntawm no yog cov kev cai muab tau lub cev zaum xws li Boyle-Mariotte, Gay-Lussac, Charles.

Yog hais tias qhov zoo tagnrho roj kub txo los yog tsub kom lub particle ceev mus rau ib tug tej yam muaj nuj nqis, tsub kom nws yoj zog. Ib tug kev hloov tshwm sim rau cov roj quantum, nyob rau lub wavelengths ntawm atoms thiab molecules yog piv nrog qhov kev ncua deb nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Nws muaj ob hom ntawm tagnrho roj:

1. Qhia thiab Bose Einstein hais ntawm ib hom yog integer kiv.

2. Fermi thiab Dirac txheeb cais: ib tug txawv hom ntawm molecules uas muaj ib nrab-integer kiv.

Tsis zoo li classical zoo tagnrho roj ntawm tus quantum yog hais tias txawm nyob tsis pes tsawg kub nqi ntawm lub zog ceev thiab siab sib txawv ntawm xoom. Lawv ua loj nrog ua ceev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus hais muaj ib tug tshaj plaws (lwm lub npe - tus ciam) zog. Los ntawm no taw tes ntawm view, cov qauv ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm cov hnub qub nyob rau hauv cov nyob rau hauv uas tus ceev yog ntau dua 1-10 kg / cm3, pronounced electron txoj cai. Qhov uas nws tshaj 109kg / cm3, ib yam khoom uas hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv neurons.

Nyob rau hauv cov hlau, kev siv ntawm cov kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv uas lub classical zoo tagnrho roj kis mus rau hauv lub quantum, pab kom lawv piav rau feem ntau ntawm cov nws yog xim hlau zog ntawm lub xeev ntawm teeb meem: denser hais, lub ze zog mus rau qhov no zoo tagnrho.

Thaum xav qhia tsawg kub ntawm ntau yam tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov kua thiab khoom xeev collective zog ntawm tus molecules yuav suav hais tias raws li ib qho zoo tagnrho roj hauj lwm sawv cev tsis muaj zog excitations. Nyob rau hauv xws li mob, pom tshab mus rau lub zog ntawm lub cev, uas yog ntxiv rau tus hais.