Hlau thaj chaw ntawm tshuaj ntsiab

Tam sim no science paub ib puas thiab tsib tshuaj hais, Txoj kev no muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov periodic rooj. Feem coob ntawm lawv raug xa mus rau co, uas implies lub xub ntiag ntawm cov ntsiab tshwj xeeb qualities. Qhov no thiaj li hu ua nws yog xim hlau zog. Cov yam ntxwv, feem ntau lwm yam kev plasticity, nce thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity, muaj peev xwm tsim alloys, tsis tshua muaj ionization tej zaum tus nqi.

Nws yog xim hlau thaj chaw ntawm lub caij vim rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov atoms nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev sis raug zoo nrog cov atomic lug ntawm lwm yam hais nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev coj rau displace electron huab los yog "muab" lawv nrog lawv cov free electrons. Qhov tseem active co yog cov uas muaj tsawg ionization zog thiab electronegativity. Tsis tas li ntawd cov lus hais nws yog xim hlau zog yam ntxwv rau cov ntsiab muaj ib tug loj atomic voos kheej-kheej li sai tau thiab tsis tshua muaj me me muaj pes tsawg tus sab nraud (valence) electron.

Raws li valence electron orbit sau nqi nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheej ntawm lub atomic qauv nce, thiab lub voos kheej-kheej txo raws li. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, cov atoms pib nrhiav kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov dawb electrons, es mus rau lawv rov qab. Hlau zog xws ntsiab tau ib tug ib txwm kom txo tau, thiab lawv nws yog xim hlau zog - mus nce. Conversely, nrog ua atomic voos kheej-kheej yog ib tug loj hlob hlau zog. Yog li ntawd, ib tug yam ntxwv ntau feature ntawm tag nrho cov co yog cov thiaj li hu ua reconstruction zoo - tib yam muaj peev xwm atom muab cov dawb electrons.

Qhov no yog feem ntau kom meej meej manifested nws yog xim hlau thaj chaw ntawm cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv thawj yam khoom uas, ib tug thib ob pab pawg neeg ntawm lub ntsiab pab pawg ntawm lub periodic rooj, raws li zoo raws li ntawm alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb co. Tab sis cov haib tshaj restorative qualities cai nyob rau hauv Fabkis thiab nyob rau hauv lub dej ib puag ncig - nyob rau hauv lithium vim muaj ib tug siab npaum li cas ntawm co zog.

Cov nab npawb ntawm cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv uas lub nws yog xim hlau zog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tsub kom nrog lub sij hawm xov tooj. Nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj hlau los ntawm nonmetals segregated kab pheeb ces kaum txoj kab uas stretches ntawm boron rau astatine. Rau no Paub Faib kab nyob hais tias yuav tshwm sim Attendance cov thiab lwm yam zoo. Cov tshuaj xws li silicon, arsenic, boron, germanium, astatine, antimony thiab tellurium. Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov ntsiab hu ua metalloids.

Txhua lub sij hawm yog yus muaj los ntawm ib yam ntawm cov "ciam teb cheeb tsam" nyob rau hauv uas hais cov txheej txheem nrog rau cov dual zog. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev hloov los ntawm hlau mus rau ib tug pronounced raug nonmetal nqa tawm maj, uas yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj.

General thaj chaw ntawm cov hlau ntsiab (high hluav taws xob conductivity, thermal conductivity . Ductility yam ntxwv ci, ductility, etc.) vim kev zoo sib thooj ntawm lawv nrog cov qauv, los yog ntau tshaj precisely - lub xub ntiag ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo. Txawm li cas los, muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov khoom (density, hardness, melting kub), uas pub tag nrho co purely neeg physico-tshuaj zog. Cov yam ntxwv nyob ntawm seb tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo qauv ntawm txhua tus neeg lub caij.