Yuav ua li cas yog tib neeg qhov muag? Tus qauv ntawm lub qhov muag

Anatomical teeb meem tau yeej ib txwm tau ib tug tej yam txaus siab. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv txhawj txog txhua yam ntawm peb ncaj qha. Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm tsawg kawg yog ib zaug, tab sis kuv xav nyob rau hauv dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag. Nws yog - lub feem ntau rhiab kev txiav txim zoo hloov khoom nruab nrog. Nws yog los ntawm lub qhov muag, tsis pom kev, peb tau txais txog 90% ntawm cov ntaub ntawv! Tsuas 9% - nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm lub rooj sib hais. Thiab 1% - los ntawm lwm yam lub cev. Zoo, lub qhov muag qauv - nws yog tiag tiag ib qho kev nthuav lub ntsiab lus, ces nws yog tsim nyog los xav txog nws ntau li ntau kom meej.

phua ntiag

Koj yuav tsum tau pib nrog terminology. Cov tib neeg qhov muag yog paired piav thoob hlo hloov uas tsis totaub lub electromagnetic tawg nyob rau hauv lub kho qhov muag ntau yam ntawm wavelengths.

Nws muaj lub week lwm tus lub puab tub ntxhais ntawm lub cev. Uas, nyob rau hauv lem, muaj xws li cov aqueous lom zem, crystalline lens thiab vitreous lub cev. Tab sis qhov no - ib tug me ntsis rau yav tom ntej.

Tham txog dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag, tshwj xeeb mloog yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rau nws cov plhaub. Peb. Tus thawj - lwm. Tuab, fibrous, nws txuas sab nraud cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm lub ceev ceev. Qhov no plhaub muaj ib tug tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi. Thiab tsis tau nws yog nws leej twg txiav txim qhov zoo ntawm lub qhov muag. Hom ntawm lub cornea thiab sclera.

Tunica hu ua ntau vascular. Nws yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub metabolic dab, muab qhov muag noj haus. Nws muaj lub iris, ciliary lub cev thiab choroid. Nyob rau hauv lub center yog tus menyuam kawm ntawv.

Thiab lub puab plhaub yog feem ntau hu ua net. Lub receptor ntawm lub qhov muag, thiab nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog lub xaav ntawm lub teeb thiab kis tau tus mob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Cns. Nyob rau hauv kev, raws li koj tau qhia nyob rau hauv luv luv xwb. Tab sis, txij li thaum txhua feem ntawm lub cev yog tseem ceeb heev, peb yuav tsum ib lub zuj zus muaj feem xyuam rau cov xim ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv. Yog li ntawd yuav tau txais ib tug zoo dua tseeb ntawm yog dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag.

cornea

Yog li ntawd qhov no yog - lub feem ntau convex ib feem ntawm lub ceev ceev, feem ntawm cov txheej membrane, raws li zoo raws li lub teeb-refracting pob tshab nruab nrab. Cornea zoo li ib tug convex-concave lens.

Nws lub ntsiab tivthaiv - ib tug connective cov ntaub so ntswg stroma. Pem hauv ntej cornea them los ntawm stratified epithelium. Txawm li cas los, scientific cov lus mas yooj yim nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev xaav, li ntawd nws yog zoo tshaj plaws los mus piav qhia cov npe no yog nrov. Lub ntsiab thaj chaw ntawm lub cornea - ib tug sphericity, specularity, transparency, rhiab heev thiab tsis muaj ntawm cov hlab ntsha.

Tag nrho cov saum toj no ua rau thiab cov "lub hom phiaj" ntawm no yog ib feem ntawm lub cev. Nyob rau hauv essence, cov cornea - yog tib yam li cov lens cov koob yees duab. Txawm nyob rau hauv cov qauv lawv zoo sib xws vim hais tias ob qho tag nrho ib tug thiab lwm yam yog ib tug lens uas sau thiab tsom teeb rays nyob rau hauv cov yam kev taw qhia. Qhov no yog qhov muaj nuj nqi ntawm refracting nruab nrab.

Tham txog dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag, nws yuav tsis tab sis cuam tshuam rau cov xim thiab tsis zoo raug nyiaj, uas nws muaj kam. Cornea, e.g., lub feem ntau yooj yim rau lwm stimuli. Yuav kom ua tau ntau leej - moog ua aav, kev hloov nyob rau hauv teeb pom kev zoo, cua thiab av. Sai li sai tau raws li ib yam dab tsi hloov nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam, ces muaj yog ib lub kaw ntawm lub muag daj (blinking), photophobia, thiab kua muag pib ntws. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav hais tshuab txais kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj.

kev tiv thaiv

Ob peb lo lus yuav tsum tau hais txog lub kua muag. Qhov no yog - ib tug natural lom kua. Nws ua rau lacrimal caj pas. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature - ib tug me me Opalescence. Qhov no kho qhov muag tshwm sim, los ntawm kev uas lub teeb pib dissipate mob siab heev, uas muaj feem xyuam rau qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov duab thiab cov xaav ntawm qhov chaw. Lacrimal kua yog 99% dej. Ib feem pua - nws yog inorganic tshuaj uas yog magnesium carbonate, sodium tshuaj dawb, thiab lwm calcium phosphate.

Kua muag muaj antibacterial thaj chaw. Lawv ntxuav lub ceev ceev. Thiab nws saum npoo yog li tseem tiv thaiv los ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm hmoov av, txawv teb chaws cov khoom thiab cua.

Lwm tivthaiv ntawm lub qhov muag - yog cov plaub muag. Nyob rau Upper daim tawv muag lawv tus xov tooj yog hais txog 150-250. Rau hauv av - 50-150. Thiab lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov plaub muag yog tib yam li hais tias ntawm lub kua muag - kev tiv thaiv. Lawv tiv thaiv lub ingress ntawm av mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub qhov muag, xuab zeb, plua tshauv, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj - txawm me me kab.

iris

Yog li, lub saum toj no tau lawm hais tias, los ntawm uas tus txheej txheej ntawm lub qhov muag yog. Tam sim no koj muaj peev xwm qhia rau lawv txog qhov nruab nrab. Lawm, peb yuav hais lus txog cov iris. Nws yog ib tug yuav luag tsis paub thiab tsiv diaphragm. Nws yog nyob qab lub cornea thiab lub qhov muag ntawm lub koob yees duab - cia li nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub lens. Nws yog nthuav tias nws xyaum tsis kis teeb.

Lub iris yog ua los ntawm pigments uas txiav txim nws cov xim, thiab yeej nqaij (vim lawv narrowing tus menyuam kawm ntawv). Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no yog ib feem ntawm lub qhov muag kuj muaj xws li khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Tsuas yog ob tug ntawm lawv - mesodermal thiab ectodermal. Tus thawj yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov xim ntawm lub qhov muag, raws li nws muaj melanin. Qhov thib ob txheej muaj ib tug xim hlwb fustsinom.

Yog hais tias ib tug neeg muaj xiav ob lub qhov muag, ces nws ectodermal txheej ntawm xoob thiab muaj me ntsis melanin. Qhov no Hawj txawm yog tshwm sim ntawm lub teeb scattering nyob rau hauv lub stroma. Incidentally, lub qis nws ceev - qhov ntau nyeem yog cov xim.

Blue ob lub qhov muag yog cov neeg uas muaj ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv lub noob HERC2. Lawv tau tsim ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm melanin. stromal ceev nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog siab tshaj nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los cov ntaub ntawv.

melanin nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau ntsuab lub qhov muag. Los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm cov xim plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm ntawm cov liab plaub hau noob. Ntshiab ntsuab xim yog tsis tshua muaj heev. Tab sis, yog hais tias muaj tsawg kawg yog ib tug "hint" rau qhov ntxoov ntxoo, lawv raug hu mus ua xws li.

Tsis tau feem ntau ntawm melanin uas muaj nyob hauv lub xim av ob lub qhov muag. Lawv nqus tag nrho cov teeb. Raws li nrog lub siab thiab tsis muaj frequencies. Ib tug reflected teeb muab ib tug xim av ntxoov ntxoo. Los ntawm txoj kev, muas thaum chiv thawj, muaj ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los, tag nrho cov neeg nyob xim av-eyed.

Muaj ib qhov dub dub. Lub qhov muag ntawm tus Hawj txawm muaj ntau npaum li melanin uas tag nrho cov kev nkag mus kawm nyob rau hauv lawv lub teeb yog absorbed kiag li. Thiab los ntawm txoj kev, feem ntau yog ib tug "muaj pes tsawg leeg" ua ib tug grayish Hawj txawm ntawm lub ceev ceev.

choroid

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg xim, qhia dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv tus tib neeg lub qhov muag. Nws yog situated cia li nyob rau hauv lub sclera (cov plhaub protein). Nws lub ntsiab feature - cov kev pab. Uas yog, muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau sai hloov ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog hais txog kev hloov lub refractive lub hwj chim. Tej yam yooj yim cov kev pab cuab piv txwv: Yog hais tias peb xav tau nyeem li cas yog sau nyob rau hauv lub nplua sau ntim - peb yuav tau saib nyob thiab paub qhov txawv cov lus. Koj yuav tau mus ntsib ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv qhov kev ncua deb? Peb yuav ua tau li nws. Nyob rau hauv no muaj peev xwm, nws yog peb muaj peev xwm kom meej meej pom cov khoom nyob rau ib tug deb.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, sib tham txog dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv tus tib neeg lub qhov muag, muaj peev xwm tsis hnov qab txog tus menyuam kawm ntawv. Nws tseem yog es "dynamic" ib feem ntawm nws. Cov kab uas hla ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv yog tsis tsau, tab sis pheej narrowing thiab widening. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov dej ntawm lub teeb uas los rau hauv lub qhov muag yog tswj. Menyuam kawm ntawv, ua nyob rau hauv loj, "txiav tawm" thiab kaj lub hnub lub rays nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb hnub twg, thiab tso cai rau raws li ntau li sai tau nyob rau hauv pos huab huab cua los yog thaum hmo ntuj.

yuav tsum paub

Nyob rau xws li ib amazing feem ntawm lub qhov muag raws li tus menyuam kawm ntawv, yuav tsum ua kom pom tseeb. Qhov no yog tej zaum cov feem ntau txawv txawv nyob rau hauv lub npe nyob rau hauv kev sib tham. Yog vim li cas? Tsis kawg vim hais tias cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi tshwm sim tawm ib tus menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm lub qhov muag, yog - tawm ntawm tsis muaj dab tsi. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog! Tom qab tag nrho, cov menyuam - muaj ib lub qhov nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub ceev ceev. Tab sis hais tias yog tom ntej no mus nws yog rau cov nqaij ntshiv uas tso cai rau nws mus ua lub saum toj no hais muaj nuj nqi. Uas yog, lub teeb path.

Cim nqaij yog ib tug sphincter. Nws nyob puag ncig ib tug ntug ntawm lub iris. Sphincter muaj fibers intertwined nrog txhua lwm yam. Tseem muaj dilator - yog cov nqaij uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau expanding cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Nws muaj epithelial hlwb.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg xim rau lwm nthuav qhov tseeb. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub qhov muag muaj ob peb ntsiab, tiam sis cov menyuam kawm ntawv - lub feem ntau yooj yim. Yog hais tias koj ntseeg hais tias cov kev kho mob statistics, 20% ntawm cov pejxeem muaj raws li qhov pathology hu ua anisocoria. Nws yog ib tug mob nyob rau hauv uas cov tub kawm ntawv yog cov sib txawv ntau thiab tsawg. lawv muaj peev xwm tseem yuav deformed. Tab sis tsis yog txhua txhua ntawm cov 20% cov tsos mob li. Feem ntau cov tsis txawm paub txog qhov muaj anisocoria. Muaj coob tus neeg ua paub txog ntawm nws tsuas yog tom qab tus kws kho mob mus xyuas, nyob rau cov neeg uas txiav txim siab, qhov muag plooj lawm, mob, ptosis (drooping ntawm lub sab sauv daim tawv muag), thiab lwm yam Tiam sis ib txhia diplopia tshwm sim - .. "Ob chav me nyuam kawm ntawv".

retina

Qhov no - qhov uas yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tshwj xeeb xim, sib tham txog dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv tus tib neeg lub qhov muag. Lub retina yog ib tug nyias daim nyias nyias, zoo nyob ib sab mus rau lub vitreous lub cev. Uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog dab tsi nyob 2/3 ntawm cov ceev ceev. Vitreous muab txoj cai qhov muag thiab immutable daim ntawv. Thiab kuj refracts teeb nkag mus rau lub retina.

Raws li twb tau hais, lub qhov muag muaj peb tus neeg zoo li. Tab sis nws yog - tsuas yog lub hauv paus. Tom qab tag nrho, yog ntau tshaj ntawm cov 10 khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov retina yog! Thiab yuav leej, nws pom tau qhov sib cais. Muaj tseem "dig muag", nyob rau hauv uas muaj muaj tsis muaj photoreceptors. Qhov no yog ib feem yog muab faib mus rau hauv lub ciliary thiab iris. Tab sis nws yog tsim nyog los mus rov qab mus rau kaum khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Tus thawj tsib yog: xim, fotosensorny thiab peb sab nraud (membrane, granular thiab spletenievidny). Qhov seem khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm zoo xws li cov npe. Qhov no peb nrog (kuj granular, spletenievidny thiab membrane), thiab ob ntau, ib tug uas yog tau ua los ntawm cov hlab fibers, thiab lwm yam - los ntawm lub ganglion hlwb.

Tab sis zoo li cas xyov yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub nrig txog kev pom acuity? Qhov uas ua tau lub qhov muag - nws yog interesting, tab sis nws yuav ntshaw kom paub lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Yog li ntawd, rau qhov muag pom acuity raws li lub hauv paus fovea ntawm lub retina. Nws tseem hu ua "daj chaw". Nws muaj ib lub voj qe thiab yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm tus menyuam.

photoreceptors

Nthuav kev txiav txim zoo hloov khoom nruab nrog - peb ob lub qhov muag. Yuav ua li cas nws yog - Losntawm saum toj no. Tab sis tseem muaj ib yam dabtsi hais txog cov photoreceptors. Thiab, yuav tsum tau ntau leej, hais txog lub rods thiab cones nyob rau hauv lub retina. Tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tivthaiv.

Lawv pab mus rau transformation ntawm lub teeb stimulus rau cov ntaub ntawv uas los nyob rau hauv lub Cns ntawm lub fibers ntawm lub optic paj.

Cones yog rhiab heev mus rau lub teeb. Thiab tag nrho vim hais ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm iodopsin. Qhov no - cov xim uas muab pom xim. Muaj rhodopsin, tab sis nws yog - ib tug ua tiav hauv sib piv rau iodopsin. Vim qhov no xim lub luag hauj lwm rau hmo ntuj pom kev.

Ib tug neeg uas muaj ib tug zoo 100 feem pua cov tsis pom kev, muaj txog 6-7 lab cones. Interestingly, lawv yog tsawg rhiab mus rau lub teeb (uas lawv muaj zuj zus txog 100 lub sij hawm) tshaj li tus pas. Txawm li cas los, zoo dua paub ceev ceev taw. Sticks, los ntawm txoj kev, ntau - hais txog 120 lab. Lawv cia li pom lub proverbial rhodopsin.

Nws sticks muab tib neeg pom tau qhov sib peev xwm thaum hmo ntuj. Cones thaum hmo ntuj yog tsis active ntawm tag nrho - vim hais tias lawv yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm tsawg kawg yog ib yam tsawg kawg nkaus ndlwg ntawm photons (teeb).

nqaij

Lawv kuj yuav tsum tau tham nrog, sib tham txog lub chaw uas ua tau lub qhov muag. Nqaij - qhov no yog dab tsi pub rau direct arrangement ntawm apples nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag socket. Lawv tag nrho cov xeeb los ntawm lub hais tsis zoo tuab connective cov ntaub so ntswg rings. Cov tub ntxhais cov nqaij yog hu ua oblique, vim hais tias lawv yog txuas mus rau lub ceev ceev ntawm lub kaum sab xis.

Xov yog zoo dua mus piav qhia txog nyob rau hauv cov lus yooj yim. Txhua lub zog ntawm cov ceev ceev nyob rau yuav ua li cas daim ntawv nqaij. Peb yuav tau saib mus rau sab laug, tsis muaj tig nws lub taub hau. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias direct nqaij zog yog ib yam tsis pub dhau ib tug muab kev ncua deb ntawm cov kab rov tav dav hlau ntawm peb ceev ceev. Los ntawm txoj kev, lawv tseem, nyob rau hauv nrog cov oblique muab ncig lem. Uas muaj xws li ce rau txhua qhov muag. Yog vim li cas? Vim hais tias nyob rau hauv no ce yuav tag nrho cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm lub qhov muag. Thiab peb yeej paub tias: hais tias ib tug los yog cov lwm yam kev kawm (tsis muaj teeb meem uas nws yog txuam) muab ib tug zoo zoo, nws yog tsim nyog los ua hauj lwm txhua feem ntawm lub cev.

Tab sis qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog txhua txhua. Muaj yog longitudinal nqaij uas pib mus ua hauj lwm thaum lub sij hawm, thaum peb saib mus rau hauv lub deb. Feem ntau, cov neeg uas nws ua si yog kev cob cog rua nrog ib tug computer los yog laborious ua hauj lwm, koj tus mob nyob rau hauv nws ob lub qhov muag. Thiab nws yuav yooj yim dua, yog hais tias lawv yog massaged, squeezed nws ob lub qhov muag kaw povraschat. Uas yog vim li cas muaj mob? Vim nqaij lim. Ib txhia ntawm lawv ua hauj lwm txhua lub sij hawm, thaum lub sij hawm lwm tus so. Hais tias yog, rau tib lub yog vim li cas uas yuav ua mob rau koj ob txhais tes, yog tias ib tug neeg nqa ib co heavy tshaj plaws.

lens

Tham txog dab tsi qhov chaw muaj ob lub qhov muag, ib tug yuav tsis tab sis cuam tshuam rau cov xim thiab tus "lub caij". Lub lens, uas twb tau hais saum toj no, yog ib tug pob tshab lub cev. Qhov no yog - ib tug lom lens, muab tso rau nws nyob rau hauv lub tiaj lus. Thiab, raws li, tseem ceeb tshaj plaws feem ntawm lub teeb refractor ocular apparatus. Los ntawm txoj kev, txawm lub lens zoo li ib tug lens - nws yog lenticular, puag ncig thiab saj zawg zog.

Nws muaj ib tug heev me qauv. Sab nraum lub thinnest lens coated capsule uas tiv thaiv nws los ntawm lwm yam tseem ceeb. Nws thickness tsuas yog 0,008 hli.

Lub lens yog raug mus rau ntau yam kab mob. Lub heaviest - ib tug cataract. Nyob rau hauv no kab mob (uas muaj hnub nyoog, raws li ib tug txoj cai) tus neeg pom lub ntiaj teb no npub, zim zuag. Thiab nyob rau hauv xws li mob, ib tug lens hloov nrog ib tug tshiab dag. Qhov zoo ces, nws yog nyob rau hauv peb lub qhov muag yog nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug qhov chaw uas nws tswj kom hloov, tsis muaj cuam tshuam rau lwm qhov chaw.

Nyob rau hauv kev, raws li koj tau pom, cov qauv ntawm cov peb lub ntsiab piav thoob hlo hloov nyuaj heev. Ob lub qhov muag me me, tab sis xws li ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab (nco ntsoov tsawg kawg yog 120 lab sticks). Thiab nws yuav yog ib tug ntev lub sij hawm los tham txog nws lub Cheebtsam, tiam sis feem ntau yooj yim rau enumerate.