TsimScience

Tau benzene

Muaj ob peb txoj kev uas muaj thiab kuaj zus tau tej cov benzene, uas sib txawv nyob rau hauv raws li dab tsi cov khoom yog xaiv raws li ib tug starting khoom. Tam sim no tshuaj ntau lawm raws li xws li nce siv ntau yam uas muaj ntxhiab tebchaw, xws li coke cub gas ua thaum lub sij hawm coking ntawm thee. Lawv yog cov siv lug thiab ntau yam thee ib cov zauv feem tsim thaum lub sij hawm distillation ntawm crude roj.

Coking thee - lub loj txheej txheem kauj ruam nyob rau hauv steel kev lag luam, nws yog tsim nyog los tau coke. Muaj yog tsis muaj yuav tsum tau piav qhia txog nyob rau hauv kom meej tag nrho cov technology, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm benzene, suffice nws hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam, thaum cov thee yog decomposed thiab cov decomposition cov khoom uas coke thiab volatiles feem ntau - coke cub gas. Nyob rau hauv nws cov pa yog thee ib. Thaum zoo li no gas kis los ntawm tus condenser system, muaj ib tug kev sib cais ntawm tshuaj constituting nws. Tom qab elektrofiltrovaniya coke cub gas twb muaj ib tug khub ntawm cov organic tebchaw xws li benzene. Tej kev npaj no kom nws benzene tawm los nyob rau hauv cov nqaij nyoos daim ntawv kwv yees li sib npaug zos rau 10-11 kg ib tonne ntawm qhuav thee.

Thee ib kuj tso cai rau kom muab tau benzene. Technology no yog reminiscent ntawm txoj kev nyob rau hauv uas yog ua kom tau benzene los ntawm coke cub gas. Qhov tseeb yog, hais tias nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej thee ib - ib tug es complex nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg feem sib tov ntawm ntau hom ntawm uas muaj ntxhiab organic tebchaw. Ntxiv mus, txawm hnub no, nyob tus yeees ntawm cov compound yog tsis to taub, thiab yog li tsim lub hav zoov ntawm ntau tshaj 500 (!) Cheebtsam. Ua technology yog ib tug txheej txheem ntawm ob-theem sib cais cob rau hauv nyias muaj nyias ib cov zauv feem. Rau lub hom phiaj no txhua ntawm lawv yog raug mus rau lub kev txiav txim ntawm alkalis kom tshem tawm acidic ib feem. Cov uas ua cov khib nyiab raug tsim - anthracene thiab naphthalene, raws li zoo raws li lub teeb, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab benzene.

Cov kev lag luam kis tau benzene nyob rau hauv cov nqaij nyoos daim ntawv no, qhov thiaj li hu ua crude benzene. Yog xav tau kev ntshiab compound, crude benzene yuav tsum tau ntxuav los ntawm cov leej faj tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no paub qhov txawv ob theem. Tus thawj tshwm sim kom tshem tawm ntawm cov leej faj impurities, thiab lub thib ob cais sib tov lim los ntawm distillation. Ib tug ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev sib ncaim no yuav benzene.

Qhov loj qhov twg los ntawm ntau yam aromatics yog roj av. Uas yog vim li cas niaj hnub ntau lawm benzenes teem rau cov khoom no.

Benzene twb cais kuj los ntawm acetylene. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob yog ib cov roj, nws yog tsis muaj kob, suab insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, yog sib zog dua cov pa. Ntawm cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov roj muaj lub peev xwm los polymerize, thiab yog li ntawd siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam rau cov benzene los ntawm acetylene. Qhov no txoj kev yog ntau pheej los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm kev tsim thiab kev tswj tej yam kev mob rau lub tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov tseeb hais tias acetylene, nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, yog heev heev, vim hais tias nws siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam yuav qhov yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov kev cai nruj heev hauj qhuab qhia thiab tshwj xeeb cov khoom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tshav kub kub-resistant. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ua ntej muab tau cov acetylene los ntawm benzene, mus cuag txaus kub rau 400 C thiab tuav nws nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm graphite. Qhov no txoj kev twb npaj siab nyob rau hauv 1866 los ntawm Fabkis chemist M. Berthelot, txawm li cas los, cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw tawm los yog tsawg tsawg. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv hnub no lub tshuab yog thoob plaws siv ntawm ntau hom ntawm catalysts thiab rau accelerating cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab ua kom lub tawm los ntawm ntshiab benzene.

Nyob rau hauv laboratory tej yam kev mob, benzene no feem ntau yog tsis tau, tab sis yog tias cuaj kaum yuav tshwm sim, lub alloying txoj kev siv lub benzoic acid nrog ib tug alkali. Cov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog benzene.

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