Yuav ua li cas yog lub Hall nyhuv

Yog hais tias koj thov kom muaj ib tug neeg me ntsis txog cov physics nyob rau theem ntawm ib tug yooj yim kev txawj ntse li cas ib tug Hall nyhuv thiab qhov chaw uas nws yog thov, koj yuav tsis tau txais ib qho lus teb. Kuj ceeb tias, nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm cov niaj hnub ntiaj teb no tshwm sim feem ntau heev. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub Hall nyhuv yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau hluav taws xob pab kiag li lawm. Piv txwv li, ib zaug ib tug nrov computer muag nthas disk drives txiav txim thawj zaug txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub cev muaj zog siv cov Hall generators. Tsim Nyog sensors yog "tsiv" thiab nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm niaj hnub drives rau CDs (ob CD, thiab DVD). Tsis tas li ntawd, daim ntaub ntawv muaj xws li tsis tsuas ntau xab seev, tab sis txawm fais fais fab generators raws li pom ntawm tshav kub mus rau tus kwj deg them hais los ntawm ib tug sib nqus teb (MHD).

Edwin Herbert Hall nyob rau hauv 1879 xyoo, kev thwmsim nrog ib tug conductive phaj, wanton pom thaum pom thawj zaug, tej zaum tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshwm sim (kev nyuaj siab) nyob rau hauv tus sis ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab sib nqus teb. Tiam sis ua ntej tej yam uas ua ntej.

Wb ua ib tug me ntsis xav xyaum ua tej yam: muab ib tug hlau phaj thiab dhau los ntawm nws fais tam sim no. Tom ntej no, tso nws nyob rau hauv ib tug sab nraud magnetic teb li hais tias cov kab ntawm daim teb lub zog yog taw qhia kom paub perpendicular mus rau lub dav hlau ntawm lub conductive phaj. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub ntsej muag (thoob plaws lub taw qhia ntawm qhov tam sim no), ib tug tej zaum txawv. Qhov no yog qhov Hall nyhuv. Yog vim li cas rau nws tshwm sim yog lub npe hu Lorentz quab yuam.

Muaj yog ib txoj kev los mus txiav txim tus nqi ntawm cov resultant voltage (tej thaum hu Hall tej zaum). Cov kev qhia yuav siv sij hawm rau hauv daim ntawv:

Uh = Eh * H,

qhov twg H - lub phaj tuab; Eh - lub dag lub zog ntawm cov sab nraud teb.

Txij li thaum lub peev xwm yog vim redistribution xwb muaj nyob rau hauv tus neeg xyuas pib, nws yog tag (cov txheej txheem yuav tsis indefinitely). Lateral zog ntawm tus nqi yuav nres rau ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd thaum tus nqi ntawm cov Lorentz quab yuam (F = q * v * B) rau equate txheem q * Eh (q - xwb).

Txij li thaum lub tam sim no ceev J yog sib npaug zos rau cov khoom uas yuav nqi ceev, lawv ceev thiab tus neeg qhov tseem ceeb ntawm q, i.e.

J = n * q * v,

feem,

v = J / (q * n).

Li no (txuas mis nrog khov):

Eh = B * (J / (q * n)).

Muab tag nrho cov saum toj no thiab txiav txim seb lub peev xwm ntawm lub cuab los ntawm tus nqi ntawm tus nqi:

Uh = (J * B * H) / n * q).

Hall nyhuv qhia hais tias tej zaum nyob rau hauv cov hlau yog tsis tau cai electron thiab qhov conduction. Piv txwv li, nws yog cadmium, beryllium, thiab zinc. Kawm Hall nyhuv hauv semiconductors, muaj tsis muaj tsis ntseeg tias tus nqi muaj - tus "qhov". Txawm li cas los, raws li twb tau hais, nws kuj muaj feem xyuam rau hlau. Nws twb ntseeg tau hais tias thaum tus nqi tis (tsim ntawm txoj kev tsev) common vector yog tsim los ntawm electrons (tsis zoo kos npe rau). Txawm li cas los, nws muab tawm hais tias lub teb tam sim no tsis tsim electrons. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, cov cuab yeej no yog siv los txiav txim seb tus ceev xwb muaj nyob rau hauv lub semiconducting khoom.

Tsis muaj tsawg yog paub quantum Hall nyhuv (1982). Nws nruab nrab yog ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob-dimensional electron roj conduction (tus hais yog mus tau rau nyob rau hauv tsuas yog ob tug qhia) nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob uas tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj kub thiab high lwm magnetic teb. lub hav zoov ntawm "fragmentation" sab thaum kawm cov nyhuv. Muaj yog ib qho tswv yim uas tus nqi yog tsis tsim los ntawm ib muaj (1 + 1 + 1), thiab lub Cheebtsam ntawm (1 + 1 + 0.5). Txawm li cas los, nws muab tawm hais tias tsis muaj kev cai lij choj yog lawm. Nyob rau hauv raws li Pauli hauv paus ntsiab lus, nyob ib ncig ntawm txhua electron nyob rau hauv ib tug sib nqus teb no yog tsim ib yam ntawm cov rays ntawm lub vortex txaus. Nrog ua teb siv qhov teeb meem no tshwm sim thaum txuam "= ib tug ib tug electron vortex" tsis tu tsis tseg yuav tsum txaus siab. Txhua particle muaj ntau yam quanta ntawm magnetic flux. Cov tshiab hais yog precisely qhov ua rau ntawm ib tug fractional tshwm sim thaum lub Hall nyhuv.