Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho hluav taws xob substation? Hluav taws xob cov substations thiab tis tshuab

Hluav taws xob cov tshwj xeeb paub li cas yuav muab fais fab nroj tsuag thiab substations, rau li cas lawv muaj thiab yuav ua li cas los mus tsim. Lawv paub hais tias yuav ua li cas los xam lawv lub hwj chim thiab tag nrho cov tsim nyog tsis, xws li cov xov tooj ntawm koj lem, hlau loj thiab qhov ntev ntawm lub magnetic Circuit Court. Uas qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab kev cov tsev kawm ntawv. Cov neeg uas muaj humanitarian kev kawm ntawv twb paub lawm tias cov vaj tse feem ntau sawv sib nrug li tsev tsis muaj qhov rai (lawv nyiam pleev xim kiv cua ntawm graffiti), tsim nyog rau powering tsev thiab cov lag luam, thiab mus txeem yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav nyob rau hauv lawv, qhov no eloquent txaus logos nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov skulls thiab xob laim txuas mus rau lub txaus ntshai khoom. Tej zaum muaj coob tus neeg yuav tsis tau paub cov ntaub ntawv tab sis yog tsis redundant.

Ib me ntsis ntawm physics

Hluav taws xob - ib tug khoom muag rau cov uas koj yuav tau them, thiab nws yog ib tug txaj muag yog hais tias nws yog siv nyob rau hauv vain. Thiab qhov no, raws li nyob rau hauv tej kev lag luam, inevitably, neeg ua hauj lwm tsuas yog mus txo tus tsis nyob rau hauv vain. Zog yog fais fab tuag coob los ntawm lub sij hawm, yog li nram qab no nqe lus yuav muaj leej twg los ntawm cov tswvyim no, raws li lub sij hawm ntws lossi, thiab tig nws rov qab, raws li cov song hais tias, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua. Hluav taws xob cov hwj chim, nyob rau hauv ntxhib approximation, tsis tau noj mus rau hauv tus account lub reactive loads, yog qhov khoom ntawm lub voltage thoob plaws lub tam sim no. Yog hais tias peb xav txog nws nyob rau hauv kom meej, nyob rau hauv cov mis ntog hwj chim tshaj txiav txim tus piv ntawm cov ntim zog nrog nws tivthaiv pab tau hu ua kom nquag plias. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yog tsis ncaj qha mus txog rau lo lus nug ntawm yog vim li cas peb yuav tsum tau ib tug substation. Hluav taws xob cov hwj chim yog li no nyob rau hauv lub ob lub ntsiab neeg thiab Ohm kev cai Joule, voltage thiab tam sim no. Tsis tshua muaj tam sim no thiab high voltage yuav tsim tib lub hwj chim, thiab vice versa, siab tam sim no thiab tsis tshua muaj voltage. Nws yuav zoo li, dab tsi yog qhov txawv? Thiab nws yog, thiab loj heev.

Sov cov huab cua? Ua tsaug rau koj!

Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias peb siv lub active hwj chim mis, peb tau txais hauv qab no:

• P = U x kuv, qhov twg:
  
  U - voltage, ntsuas nyob rau hauv volts;
  I - tam sim no ntsuas nyob rau hauv amperes;
  P - lub hwj chim, ntsuas nyob rau hauv watts los yog volt-amps.

Tab sis muaj lwm mis piav txog lub twb hais Joule-Lenz, raws li uas lub thermal hwj chim dissipated thaum lub tam sim no yog sib npaug zos rau cov square ntawm nws cov magnitude khoo los ntawm cov kuj ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib. Sov surrounding hwj chim kab cua - txhais li cas tsis muaj dab tsi rau expend zog. Thiab los txo cov losses yuav ua tau raws ob txoj kev. Tus thawj ntawm cov yuav ib tug txo nyob rau hauv kuj, piv txwv li ib tug thooj ntawm cov nyob ntawm tej. Qhov loj ntoo khaub lig seem, lub qis lub tsis kam, thiab vice versa. Tab sis siv cov hlau kuj tsis xav kom tsis muaj dab tsi, nws yog kim, tooj liab tseem. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub dual txaus neeg xyuas pib cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsis tau tsuas yog ua rau kom tus nqi, tab sis kuj yuav weighting, uas nyob rau hauv lem yuav ua rau kom cov complexity ntawm lub installation ntawm high-altitude kab. Thiab txhawb nqa yuav tsum haib dua. Ib tug tsis yuav raug txo los ntawm ib nrab.

kev txiav txim siab

Yuav kom txo tau cov cua kub ntawm tej lub sij hawm fais fab kis, nws yog tsim nyog los txo cov magnitude ntawm tam sim no ntws. Nws yog ib heev ntshiab, vim hais tias nws yuav txo tau los ntawm ib nrab yuav txo losses quadrupled. Thiab yog hais tias kaum lub sij hawm? Quadratic nyob tos, ces tus losses yuav ua tau ib tug puas lub sij hawm tsawg! Tab sis lub hwj chim kom "viav vias" tib yam, uas yog tsim nyog los sau ua ib pawg tau txais kev pab nyob tos nws nyob rau hauv lub lwm kawg ntawm tus kis kab uas sau tej zaum pua pua ntawm kilometers ntawm lub hwj chim nroj tsuag. Qhov xaus yog hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los ua rau kom cov voltage nyob rau hauv tib lub xov tooj ntawm lub sij hawm raws li tus txo tam sim no. Lub transformer chaw nres tsheb nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub kis tau tus mob kab ua cia li ntawd thiab yog npaj. Nws los ntawm tus hlau nyob rau hauv heev high voltage ntawm kaum tawm kilovolts. Thoob plaws hauv lub tag nrho deb nkauj nraug lub TPP, pas los yog nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag ntawm lub zos nyob qhov twg nws yog hais, lub zog mus nrog ib tug me me (kuj) tam sim no. Tau txais kev pab yuav tsum tau txais lub hwj chim los ntawm cov predetermined txheem tsis uas sib haum mus rau lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv 220 volts (380 V los yog interfacial). Tam sim no koj yuav tsum tsis txhob tsa, raws li ib lub tswv yim rau cov kis kab, thiab step-down substation. Hluav taws xob cov zog yog txhab khoom mus rau faib ntaus ntawv mus rau lub teeb hlawv nyob rau hauv tsev thiab factories rotors spinning tshuab.

Yuav ua li cas yog nyob rau hauv lub rooj muag zaub?

Los ntawm cov foregoing, nws yog tseeb hais tias cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yam khoom nyob rau hauv ib tug substation - ib tug transformer, feem ntau yog peb theem. Tej zaum yuav muaj ob peb. Piv txwv li, peb-theem transformer yuav hloov los ntawm peb cov ib theem. Ib tug ntau dua tus nqi tej zaum yuav vim muaj hwj huam noj. Tus tsim ntawm no ntaus ntawv yog sib txawv, tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub nws muaj impressive qhov ntev. Yuav ua li cas npaum li cas hwj chim yog muab rau tus neeg txais kev pab, cov tsev zoo loj dua. Apparatus hluav taws xob substation, txawm li cas los, nyuab, thiab muaj xws li tsis tau tsuas yog ib tug transformer. Muaj kuj yog cov khoom rau switching thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm kim unit, raws li zoo raws li feem ntau thiab rau cov cua txias. Lwm ib feem ntawm lub fais noj thiab substations comprises switchboards nruab nrog tswj thiab ntsuas cov cuab yeej siv.

transformer

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev no - yog coj zog rau tus neeg. Ua ntej xa cov voltage tsim nyog los txhim kho, thiab tom qab tau txais nws txo qis rau hauv tus txheej txheem qib.

Rau tag nrho tej uas hluav taws xob substation Circuit Court muaj xws li ib tug plurality hais, lub ntsiab ntawm lawv yog tseem transformer. Tus thawj xib fwb sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm tus ntaus ntawv ntawm cov khoom no nyob rau hauv cov pa hwj chim chav tsev ntawm lub tsev neeg kws thiab muaj muaj hwj huam kuaj tsis muaj. Lub transformer muaj windings (thawj thiab) thiab sib nqus Circuit Court ua los ntawm ferromagnetic khoom, i.e. ib cov khoom (hlau), mus pab tau txoj lub magnetic teb. Lub xam ntawm no ntaus ntawv - nws yog ib tug txheej txheem kawm ua hauj lwm rau kev kawm ntawv qib siab me nyuam kawm ntawv. Lub ntsiab sib txawv los ntawm lub transformer substation nws tsawg hwj chim analogues ntug, dhau li ntawm tus loj, yog lub xub ntiag ntawm lub cua txias system, uas yog ib tug txheej ntawm cov roj pipelines, basking encircling kauj. Vim ntawm hluav taws xob substations, txawm li cas los, yog tsis muaj hauj lwm yooj yim, raws li tsim nyog los noj account ntawm ntau yam, xws li los ntawm kev nyab xeeb thiab xaus nrog loads ntawm cov ua cim.

rub hwj chim

Tsis tsuas yog tsev thiab cov lag luam haus hluav taws xob. Ntawm no tag nrho cov tseeb yuav tsum tau mus thov 220 volts AC nrog hwm rau hauv nruab nrab lub tsheb npav 380 los yog nruab nrab lub theem ntawm ib zaus ntawm 50 Hertz. Tab sis muaj tseem yog ib lub nroog hluav taws xob. Trams thiab trolley tsheb npav yuav tsum tau voltage AC thiab DC. Thiab qhov sib txawv. Nyob rau hu neeg xyuas pib tsheb nqaj hlau yuav tsum 750 volts (tus txheeb ze rau hauv av, i.e. lub ntsia), thiab yuav tsum tau cov trolley mus rau ib tug neeg xyuas pib 600 thiab pes tsawg volts DC nyob rau lwm yam, roj hmab treads ntawm log yog insulators. Yog li ntawd koj xav tau ib tug heev haib ib substation. Cov hluav taws xob lub zog yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau nws, uas yog rectified. Nws thickness yog heev loj, tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub Circuit Court yog ntsuas los ntawm txhiab ntawm amperes. Xws li ib tug ntaus ntawv hu ua ib tug traction.

substation tiv thaiv

Thiab transformer, rectifier thiab haib (nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug traction khoom siv fais fab) yog kim heev. Yog hais tias ib tug kev huam yuaj tshwm sim, namely ib tug luv luv Circuit Court nyob rau hauv lub Circuit Court ntawm lub qhov winding (thiab chaw pib thawj) tam sim no zoo nkaus li. Li no, tsis muaj neeg xyuas pib ntoo khaub lig seem yog xam. Cov hluav taws xob transformer substation pib kom sov vim resistive tshav kub tiam. Yog hais tias koj tsis muab xws li ib tug scenario, qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug luv luv Circuit Court nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov peripheral kab ntawm lub winding hlau yog melted los yog hlawv. Kom tsis txhob no, ntau txoj kev yuav siv tau. Qhov no txawv, roj thiab overcurrent tiv thaiv.

Txawv kev sib piv tam sim no ntau nyob rau hauv lub Circuit Court thiab lub thib ob winding. Gas tiv thaiv txhais los ntawm cov tsos nyob rau hauv cov huab cua rwb thaiv tsev ntawm lub combustion khoom, roj thiab thiaj li tawm. Tam sim no tiv thaiv disconnects lub transformer thaum tam sim no tshaj ib tug tshaj plaws set nqi.

Transformer substation yuav tsum tau disconnect nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib tug xob strike.

hom substations

Lawv yog cov sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim, lub hom phiaj thiab ntaus. Cov uas yuav pab tau xwb yuav ua tau kom los yog txo lub voltage, hu ua lub transformer. Yog hais tias koj xav tau hloov lwm yam tsis (zaus stabilization los yog wires), ces hu ua tus transforming substation.

Los ntawm nws architectural kev kawm ntawm cov SS yog nyob rau hauv thiab txuas, ua-nyob rau hauv (nyob ib sab mus rau lub ntsiab kev kawm), intrashop (nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntau lawm) los yog yuav muaj ib tug stand-alone accessory tsev. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, nws tsis yuav tsum tau muaj hwj huam (zog cov kev pab cuam me me settlements), siv mast substations tsim. Tej zaum yuav siv los tsev lub transformer fais tug, txhua tus tsim nyog cov khoom (fuses, surge protectors, Circuit Court tej fais fab, thiab li ntawm.) Uas yog mounted.

Electric substation txwv kom muab zais network thiab cov voltage (mus txog 1000 kV los yog ntau tshaj, i.e. siab) thiab lub hwj chim (e.g., los ntawm 150 txhiab rau 16 VA. KVA).

Raws li cov schematic hauv paus ntawm lwm kev twb kev txuas substation yog nodular, tuag-end, tas mus li thiab ceg.

hauv lub chamber,

Qhov chaw hauv lub substation, uas tsev transformers, busbars thiab apparatus uas muab lub lag luam ntawm tag nrho cov ntaus hu ua lub koob yees duab. Nws yuav loog los yog kaw. Qhov txawv ntawm txoj kev ntawm kev tsis sib haum los ntawm cov av puag ncig qhov chaw yog me me. Lub kaw chamber yog ib tug lig cais chav tsev, thiab yog xa tuaj nrog rau discontinuous (mesh los yog grating) phab ntsa. lawv ua, raws li ib tug txoj cai, kev lag luam txheem tsim. Tu ntawm lub hwj chim lub nruab los ntawm kev kawm tus neeg uas tau kev tso cai thiab yuav tsum tau tsim nyog, paub tseeb hais tias ib tug hauj lwm daim ntawv tso cai mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv high-voltage kab. Ua hauj lwm saib xyuas cov lag luam los ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob substation ua dej num los yog zog, nyob rau ntawm lub ntsiab faib board, uas yuav tsum tau nyob remotely los ntawm lub MS.

faib

Muaj lwm yam tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi uas ua ib lub hwj chim substation. Hluav taws xob cov zog yog faib nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg siv cov raws li lawv cov qauv, thiab nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, siv ntawm peb theem yuav tsum tau niaj hnub li sai tau. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ntse kom daws tau qhov teeb meem, muaj faib systems. EN ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tib voltage thiab muaj pab kiag li lawm ua switching thiab kev tiv thaiv kab los ntawm overload. Nrog RU transformer kev cob cog rua fuses thiab Circuit Court tej fais fab (ib tus ncej, ib qho rau txhua theem). Faib systems nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm kev pab muab faib mus rau hauv qhib (nyob nraum zoov) thiab kaw (sab hauv lub tsev).

kev nyab xeeb

Tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob substation yog dej num raws li tshwj xeeb yog pheej hmoo ua, yog li ntawd, yuav tsum tau txawv tshaj plaw ntsuas kom paub meej muaj kev ruaj ntseg. Nyob rau hauv kev kho thiab txij nkawm yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tag nrho los yog ib nrab blackout. Tom qab lub voltage yog muab tawm (electricians hais "txhaj koob tshuaj tivthaiv"), muab hais tias tag nrho cov tsim nyog tolerances yog grounded los mus tiv thaiv cov lo ua kom cov neeg xyuas pib ntsia. Rau tib lub ceeb toom tej yam tshwm sim, thiab "neeg ua hauj lwm" thiab "Tsis txhob hloov!". Neeg ua hauj lwm pab high-voltage substations, systematically kawm, thiab cov kev txawj ntse thiab kev paub tau tseg saib xyuas. Kam № 4 muab txoj cai los ua hauj lwm rau hluav taws xob saum toj no 1 kV.