Thee: zog. Thee: lub keeb kwm, ntau lawm, nqe

Txij ancient sij hawm, noob neej siv thee raws li ib qhov chaw ntawm lub zog. Thiab niaj hnub no nws yog pab mineral siv lug txaus. Tej zaum nws yog hu ua hnub ci zog, uas yog conserved nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb.

daim ntawv thov

Thee yog hlawv kom muab tshav kub uas yog rau dej kub thiab cua sov ntawm lub tsev. Pab cov pob txha siv nyob rau hauv smelting kev ntawm hlau. Thermal cov nroj tsuag thee incineration yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv hluav taws xob.

Kev kho tau tso cai rau siv qhov no zoo tshuaj txawv. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj kev lag luam tau ntse tsim lub tshuab tso cai rau kom muab tau los ntawm cov thee ib cov kua roj, raws li zoo raws li tsis tshua muaj co xws li germanium thiab gallium. Los ntawm cov nqi fossil tam sim no rho tawm carbon-graphite puas ntaub ntawv nrog carbon vyskokoy concentration. Tsis tas li ntawd xyaum txoj kev rau cov yas thiab siab calorie roj gas los ntawm thee.

Ib tug heev uas tsis muaj feem tsawg-qib thee thiab hmoov av tom qab ua compressed mus rau hauv briquettes. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog zoo meej rau cua sov private lub tsev nyob thiab muaj thaj chaw. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ua ntau tshaj plaub puas ntau yam ntawm cov khoom tom qab cov tshuaj kho mob, uas yog raug rau thee. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv kaum ob ntawm lub sij hawm siab tshaj tus nqi ntawm raw khoom.

Tshaj yav dhau los ob peb centuries, noob neej yuav ua rau nws kim heev kev siv cov thee raws li cov roj yuav tsum tau mus ua, raws li zoo raws li lub zog hloov dua siab tshiab. Thiab nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los qhov yuav tsum tau rau qhov no tseem ceeb cov pob txha yuav tsub kom. Qhov no muaj txhawb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj ua lag luam, raws li tau zoo raws li qhov yuav tsum tau rau muab therefrom tseem ceeb thiab tsawg ntsiab. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nyob rau hauv Russia hnub no ua ib intensive kev tshawb kawm txog tshiab teb, tsim mines thiab quarries, lub tuam txhab ua rau cov kev ntawm no tseem ceeb cov raw khoom.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov pob txha

Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, lub ntiaj teb no yog ib tug sov so thiab noo kev nyab xeeb nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau haiv neeg nroj tsuag rau vam. Los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej thiab tsim thee. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm no cov pob txha dag nyob rau hauv lub hnab khib billions ntawm tons ntawm tuag nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv qab ntawm swamps, qhov uas lawv tau them nrog sediment. Txij thaum ntawd los nws tau hais txog 300 lab. Years. Nyob rau hauv ib tug haib siab xuab zeb, dej thiab ntau yam breeds nroj tsuag maj mam decomposed rau hauv ib qho oxygen free ib puag ncig. Thaum raug rau siab kub, uas tsu nyob ze magma solidification ntawm lub loj tshwm sim, uas maj hloov mus rau hauv thee. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm teb yog tsuas yog ib tug piav qhia.

Mineral reserves thiab tsuas

Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, muaj cov loj loj tso ntawm thee. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, raws li kev kwv yees, subsoil cia ib tug kaum tsib trillion tons ntawm no mineral. Ntxiv mus, cov thee tsuas nyob rau hauv uas yog nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo nws yog 2.6 billion tons, los yog 0.7 tons ib cov neeg ntawm cov ntiaj chaw.

Deposits ntawm thee nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv txawv cheeb tsam. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv txhua yam uas mineral khoom muaj ntau yam ntxwv thiab nws muaj nws qhov tob. Hauv qab no yog ib daim ntawv teev, uas muaj xws li qhov loj tshaj plaws deposits ntawm thee nyob rau hauv Russia:

1. Elga deposit. Nws yog nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm Yakutia. Lub qhov tob ntawm thee nyob rau hauv cov chaw no tso cai rau txoj kev qhib tsuas. Nws yuav tsum tau tsis muaj ntxiv nqi, uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov yuav txo tau ntawm cov khoom muag kawg nqi.
2. Tuvan deposit. Raws li kws txawj, nws lub teb chaws yog hais txog 20 billion. Tons ntawm minerals. Lub deposit yog txaus nyiam heev rau txoj kev loj hlob. Qhov tseeb hais tias yim caum feem pua ntawm nws cov deposits nyob rau hauv ib leeg muaj ib tug tuab ntawm 6-7 meters.
3. Minusinsk teb. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Khakassia. Nws yog ib tug ob peb teb, qhov loj tshaj plaws uas yog Montenegrin thiab Izykhsky. Stocks ntawm me me pas dej da. Raws li cov kws muaj txuj kev kwv yees, lawv tau dab tsi rau nruab nrab ntawm 2 thiab 7 billion tons. Muaj yog ib tug zoo heev extract nyob rau hauv nws tus yam ntxwv Thee. Thaj chaw ntawm minerals xws li hais tias thaum hlawv kaw ib tug heev kub.
4. Kuznetsk thee phiab. Daim teb no, nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob ntawm Siberia, muab ib yam khoom uas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub steel kev lag luam. Thee, uas yog mined nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw, yog rau cov coking. Lub volume ntawm deposits tsuas yog enormous.
5. Kuznetsky Alatau. Daim teb no muab cov khoom ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws zoo. Qhov loj tshaj qhov tob ntawm lub khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov zaub mov nce mus txog tsib puas meters. Qhuav yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv qhib khej, thiab nyob rau hauv lub mines.

Thee yog mined nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub Pechora thee phiab. Rau siab tsim teb nyob rau hauv lub Rostov cheeb tsam.

Thee xaiv rau zus tau tej txheej txheem

Nyob rau hauv ntau yam industries, ib tug yuav tsum tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau hom ntawm cov zaub mov. Yuav ua li cas txawv yog Thee? Cov khoom thiab zoo cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv nyias li.

Qhov no tshwm sim txawm hais tias cov thee muaj tib lub npav. Lub fact tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov pob txha nyob ntawm seb nws cov site. Uas yog vim li cas txhua txhua lub tuam txhab, xaiv thee rau nws lawm yuav tsum tau ua me ntsis txog cov nws lub cev tus yam ntxwv.

zog

Thee yog distinguished los ntawm cov nram qab no cov khoom:

1. Ceev. Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yam ntxwv, uas yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 1.28 mus 1.53 grams ib nyhav centimeter. Thaum dua densities tsub kom qhov kev tshav kub ntawm combustion ntawm thee.
2. Cov pa roj carbon cov ntsiab lus. Qhov no Performance index yog hom twg los ntawm 75 mus rau 97 feem pua. Thaum ib tug ntau dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon nyob rau hauv cov roj yog tsawg tshaj li qhov ntim ntawm impurities. Qhov no tso cai rau koj mus tau lub siab tshaj plaws nqi zog los ntawm lub combustion ntawm cov khoom.
3. Neeg kho tshuab muaj zog. Qhov no yam ntxwv txiav txim muaj peev xwm ntawm cov pob txha hloov tsheb thauj mus los. Qhov no parameter yog nyob rau hauv lub chav los ntawm 40 kilograms ib square centimeter (los ntawm lignite) thiab 300 (y Anthracite).
4. Cov leej faj cov ntsiab lus. Nws lub tej zaum yuav yog los ntawm 0.5 mus 5.4 feem pua. Thaum ib tug me me nqi ntawm cov roj kom muaj nuj nqis siv yam xyuam xim.
5. Nrov heev nthe Cheebtsam (2-45%).
6. Vaum. Cov roj tej zaum yuav muaj los ntawm 4 mus rau 15 feem pua ya raws. Los ntawm no daim duab nws nyob seb ntawm thee burning yog zoo pob zeb. Cov khoom ntawm ib ntub dej cov khoom no yog fundamentally sib txawv ntawm qhuav. Tej thee crumbled thiab raug ceev weathering.
7. Tshauv cov ntsiab lus. Qhov no characterization qhia tus xov tooj uas tsis yog-combustible mixtures muaj nyob rau hauv cov pob txha. Thaum ib tug tsawg dua tshauv cov ntsiab lus tsub kom qhov kev tshav kub muaj peev xwm. Lub qis tshaj feem pua ntawm cov uas tsis yog-combustible mixtures muaj Anthracite. Nws yog nyob rau hauv 2%. Rau cua sov tau cov hmoov tshauv cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm peb caug feem pua. Qhov siab tshaj plaws nqi ntawm no cov yam ntxwv - 45%.
8. Cov tshav kub ntawm combustion. Qhov no Performance index yog nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm 6500 mus 8600 kcal / kg. Nws characterizes tus nqi ntawm tshav kub uas yog generated los ntawm cov combustion ntawm ib kilogram ntawm cov roj.

Lub degree ntawm kev kawm ntxiv

Nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv ib qho nyuaj thee yuav tsum tau muas nyob rau hauv lub npaj siv. Roj khoom li ua tseeb, raws li nyob rau hauv lub degree ntawm kev kawm ntxiv. distinguished:

1. concentrates. Qhov no roj yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm hluav taws xob thiab tshav kub.

2. Muaj cov khoom. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv metallurgy.

3. Sludge. Qhov no zoo thee feem (rau millimeters), thiab muaj cov hmoov los ntawm cov crushing ntawm cov pob zeb. Briquettes tsim los ntawm cov slurry muaj kev kawm zoo zog rau domestic khoom roj boilers.

Lub degree ntawm coalification

distinguished los ntawm qhov ntsuas no:

1. Brown thee. Qhov no yog tib yam thee, tsuas yog cov tsim. Properties nws yog dog dig zuj zus tshaj uas siab zoo fuels. Brown thee ua tsawg tshav kub thaum hlawv thiab crumbled thaum lub sij hawm thauj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws muaj ib tug ib txwm rau nws tus kheej-zes.

2. Thee. Qhov no roj muaj ib tug yawm tus naj npawb ntawm ntau yam (marks) uas nws cov khoom yog cov sib txawv. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub zog, metallurgy, hlauv taws xob thiab cov tshuaj ua lag luam.

3. Anthracite. Qhov no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv daim ntawv ntawm thee.

Cov khoom ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov minerals yog sib txawv heev los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Yog li, tus nqi qis tshaj calorific nqi raug lignite, thiab lub siab tshaj plaws - Anthracite. Yuav ua li cas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws mus yuav thee? Tus nqi yuav tsum yog kev lag kev luam zaum. Raws li, cov nqi thiab cov kev tshav kub nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo piv pom nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim thee (nyob rau hauv ntau $ 220 ib tuj).

Classification los ntawm loj

Thaum xaiv nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias qhov luaj li cas ntawm thee. Qhov no xam yog encrypted nyob rau hauv lub hom ntawm mineral. Yog li, cov thee yog:

- "P" - slab, uas yog lub loj daim ntawm ntau tshaj 10 cm.

- "K" - loj, nrog qhov ntev xws li ntawm 5 mus rau 10 cm.

- "O" - ib tug noob txiv, nws tseem yog heev loj, tawg tsam nrog ntau thiab tsawg ntawm 2.5 mus 5 cm.

- "M" - me me, nrog ib tug ob peb daim nyob rau hauv lub 1.3-2.5 cm.

- "C" - noob - pheej yig feem rau ntev lwj nrog qhov ntev 0.6-1.3 cm.

- "W" - rubble, uas yog feem ntau pulverized thee npaj rau briquetting.

- "R" - Private, los yog standardless, uas yuav ua tau cov zauv feem ntawm txawv ntau thiab tsawg.

Cov khoom ntawm xim av thee

Qhov no yog qhov tsawg kawg yog high-quality thee. Nqe muaj tus nqi qis tshaj (txog ib puas dollars per tuj). Brown thee twb tsim nyob rau hauv ancient swamps los ntawm compression ntawm peat ntawm ib tug tob ntawm txog 0.9 km. Qhov no yog feem ntau pheej yig roj uas muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov dej (txog 40%).

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lignite muaj ib tug kuj tsis tshua muaj tshav kub ntawm combustion. Muaj yog ib tug loj pes tsawg tus (50%) ntawm cov neeg tsis mloog hais gases. Yog hais tias koj siv xim av thee rau hauv lub cub tawg firebox, nws yog nws zoo yam ntxwv nco ntsoov phuam ntoo. Cov khoom no tsis yooj yim rau flares, ib tug ntau ntawm cov pa luam yeeb thiab yoojyim qab ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntoo tshauv. Feem ntau, qhov no raw khoom yog npaj briquettes. Lawv muaj zoo heev ua tau zoo. Lawv cov nqi yog hom twg los ntawm yim rau kaum txhiab rubles ib ton.

Thaj chaw ntawm cov thee

Qhov no roj zoo dua. Thee - ib lub pob zeb tsim uas muaj cov xim dub thiab matte, semi-matt los yog ci nto.

Nyob rau hauv no hom ntawm roj nws muaj ib tug tag nrho ntawm tsib mus rau rau feem pua dej, vim hais tias ntawm cov uas nws muaj ib tug high tshav kub ntawm combustion. Piv nrog oak, Alder thiab birch taws thee muab tshav kub yog 3.5 lub sij hawm ntau dua. Lub downside ntawm no hom ntawm cov roj yog nws loj tshauv. Tus nqi ntawm cov thee nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm 3900 mus 4600 rubles ib ton. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, tus nqi ntawm cov roj qab los ntawm nees nkaum rau peb caug feem pua.

Cia cov thee

Yog hais tias lub roj yog yuav tsum tau siv rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, ces nws yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb tsev teb los yog silo. Nws muaj nws yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm ncaj qha tshav ntuj thiab los nag.

Yog hais tias loj thee pawg, ces tus cia koj yuav tsum lossi saib xyuas lawv tus mob. Tus zoo feem nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog kub thiab dej yuav zes nthawv.