Yuav ua li cas yog dyslexia? Dyslexia nyob rau hauv Cov me nyuam: Cov tsos mob thiab kev kho mob

Muaj coob tus neeg tsis muaj lub tswv yim hais txog dab tsi yog dyslexia. Tab sis muaj cov neeg uas tau tag ua nrog no xyov teeb meem, uas manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub cev tsis tau sai dlua cov kev txawj nyeem ntawv. Dyslexia nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv pheej uas tsis tshwm sim los ntawm tus kab mob los yog aborted puas siab puas ntsws zog, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev nyeem ntawv. Kev ua txhaum tej zaum yuav kis tau los yog congenital, pom nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam nrog kev txawj ntse tsis taus thiab cov me nyuam nrog ib tug kiag li qub txawj ntse. Qhov ntawd yog dyslexia, nws ua, cov tsos mob, ntau ntau yam thiab txoj kev tshem tawm yuav qhia nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

etiology

Feem ntau cov teeb meem yog tsis tseem ceeb, uas yog, chiv tsim ib tug distorted kev nyeem ntawv. Dyslexia nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog vim lom yog vim li cas. Tus me nyuam nyob utero zaum yuav tshwm sim lub hlwb raug mob, lub paj hlwb entailing depletion. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, qhov chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb lub luag hauj lwm rau lub hlwb zog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm txawj nyeem ntawv raug kev txom nyem.

Poob los yog teeb meem chiv kom tsim kev txawj yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm tej yam ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab puas siab puas ntsws yam, uas muaj xws li kev kawm ntawv tsis saib xyuas, tsis muaj lub suab hu hospitalism syndrome thiab cov zoo li. Dyslexia nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov me nyuam tej zaum yuav tsim yog muab tso rau raws li qhov lawv ntev xav tau nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv, mus cob qhia ceev heev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus me nyuam muaj ib lub xeev ntawm lub hlwb maladjustment. Nyob rau hauv nrog phiv kev mob, qhov no implies lub rov tshwm sim mob xws li dyslexia thiab dysgraphia. Nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam, cov ntaub ntawv tsis meej nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los nce tuaj mus rau lub teeb.

symptomatology

Uas tsis thaum nyeem ntawv - nws tsis yog tag nrho cov paub txog tus teeb meem. Tshwj xeeb xav txog qhov teeb meem ntau Benefit, kuj hais txog cov kev soj ntsuam tej yam tshwm sim, uas yog feem ntau nrog dyslexia. Cov tsos mob, piv txwv li, xws li encephalasthenia, psychic infantilism. Direct ua txhaum ntawm kev nyeem ntawv kev txawj yog muaj nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab qeeb ntawm lub hais lus ua si thiab ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau yam uas tsis. ob peb pawg peev xwm yuav txawv ntawm lawv:

• nws thiab muab los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv uas sawv cev rau lub suab phonetically zoo xws li cov;
• Hloov graphically zoo xws li cov tsiaj ntawv;
• permutation omissions / ntxiv lub suab thiab cov tsiaj ntawv, i.e. distortion ntawm lub suab-syllabic qauv;
• teeb meem nrog nyeem ntawv kom totaub cov lus, kab lus, ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv qhov qhaj ntawv los ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm kev nyeem ntawv hom kev kawm ;
• agrammatism, daim iav nyeem ntawv.

Soj ntsuam thiab puas siab puas ntsws mus kom ze

Yuav kom to taub li cas dyslexia, koj yuav tsum xav txog nws nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Yog li ntawd feem ntau, qhov no tsis meej tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam nrog mauj central lub paj hlwb kev ntshawv siab (diffuse, haumxeeb, hauv zos, organic). Cov me nyuam raug kev txom nyem ib nrab tsis ua hauj lwm qib siab puas siab puas ntsws zog, muaj teeb meem nrog rau cov stability thiab kev cai ntawm lub muaj ntawm cov kev xav. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov me nyuam muaj pathological nta ntawm lub siab ntsws kheej: cov tsis muaj zog ntawm lus thiab cov zajlus kom txoj kev xav nrog zoo duab-ib nrig txog kev pom, ib txwm adaptation rau hauv txhua hnub tej yam kev mob, nrog rau lub tsev kawm ntawv maladjustment thiab thiaj li nyob. Cov me nyuam muaj txaus cov lus nco tshaj graphics thiab kev muaj peev xwm.

Muaj ntau soj ntsuam ntawm muaj txuas tus mob tsis txaus txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus hais lus thiab nyeem ntawv teeb meem ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb xa mus rau underdevelopment zvukobukvennyh koom haum ua teb, raws li tau zoo raws li kev ua txhaum cai ntawm phonetic seev suab. Cov me nyuam muaj teeb meem nrog rau cov tsev lag luam ntawm lub code xov xwm (tsab ntawv-suab) thiab yuav tsis automate txheej txheem no. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lawv tau txo kev txawj ntse ua ub no.

mastering nyeem ntawv

Ua si ib suab hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov lo lus, raws li nyob rau hauv nws cov duab dluab - qhov no yog nyeem ntawv. Qhov no txheej txheem ntawm lub hlwb thiab physiological qauv opposite rau tsab ntawv. Thaum peb sau ntawv, cov express ntsiab lus ntawm alphabetic cim, thiab thaum peb nyeem, peb to taub lub ntsiab lus los ntawm lub xaav ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev nyeem ntawv muab kev koom tes rechesluhovoy, rechezritelny, Hais lus analyzers. Yuav kom nyeem, koj yuav tsum txav mus rau koj ob lub qhov muag, tau ua ntej (antipatsiya) thiab rov qab mus (Regression). Yog hais tias txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev tshem yog txwv los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub qhov muag, qhov kev nyeem ntawv txheej txheem yog tawg, vim hais tias lub xaav ntawm lo lus yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw ncaj qha mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm fixation, uas yog, thaum lub ob lub qhov muag tsis txhob rau ntawm kab. Tus nab npawb ntawm fixations nyob ntawm yuav ua li cas paub lus, lawv cov qauv thiab thiaj li nyob. N. Cov ntawv nyob rau hauv lo lus ua raws li siv cov ntsiab lus. Thaum peb nyeem, ces peb tsis paub tag nrho cov tsiaj ntawv, tiam sis tsuas yog hom.

kev faib

Raws li cov accounting ua hauj lwm txhaum cai thaum lub sij hawm nyeem ntawv, lawv tau raug faib ntau hom ntawm pathology. Cia peb xav txog txhua yam uas lawv nyob rau hauv kom meej.

1. Optical dyslexia

Cov tsos mob ntawm daim ntawv no yog lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov me nyuam muaj peev xwm tsis meej perceive lub duab duab thiab cov me nyuam lub visuals, yog li ntawd lawv muaj teeb meem nrog kev kawm cov tsiaj ntawv. Cov me nyuam yam tsiaj ntawv uas muaj ib tug graphical zoo sib xws, thiab yuav tsis paub qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv kho qhov muag yam ntxwv. Cov me nyuam tsis muaj peev xwm pom tau qhov sib synthesis thiab tsom xam.

2. suab dyslexia

Cov teeb meem yog txuam nrog underdevelopment ntawm lub suab system zog, uas muaj xws li:

• Yus - lub peev xwm los correlate uas muaj tej yam peb ua ke ntawm phonemes kev txiav txim zoo thaum muaj ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv ib tug los yog ib tug sib lawv liag ntawm phoneme units suab system ua rau ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus;
• sluhoproiznositelnyh ntau yam zoo - muaj peev xwm kom paub qhov txawv phonemes articulatory thiab acoustically;
• suab tsom xam - muaj peev xwm nteg tawm cov lus rau hauv lawv constituent phonemes.

Feem ntau cov menyuam muaj teeb meem nrog sluhoproiznositelnyh ntau yam zoo thiab suab tsom xam. Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, nws zoo nkaus li ruam tag acoustic-articulatory zoo xws li cov suab, nyeem ntawv cov tsiaj ntawv, consonants kis nyob rau ntawm lawv txuas, lub permutation ntawm suab thiab suab. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob cov ntaub ntawv, cov me nyuam muaj teeb meem nrog lub ntsiab txhais:

• hauv lub xub ntiag los yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm lub suab;
• suab chaw nyob rau hauv lo lus (pib, nruab nrab, thaum xaus);
• Thawj / kawg lub suab;
• suab sequences;
• tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov suab;
• qhov chaw ntawm ib lub suab nyob rau hauv lo lus nrog kev hwm rau lwm yam (neighboring) suab.

3. Agrammaticheskaya dyslexia

Feem ntau qhov no daim ntawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam nrog cov kev hais lus ntshawv siab. Nws yog tshwm sim los ntawm underdevelopment ntawm syntactic thiab morphological kwvyees ntawm grammatical hais lus system. Cov me nyuam nrog rau qhov no tsis meej nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev nyeem ntawv hloov cov ntaub ntawv txoj thiab tus xov tooj ntawm nouns, adjectives, thiab pom zoo rau cov tsis ncaj ncees lawm npe nyob rau hauv cov tub los ntxhais, cov ntaub ntawv, xov tooj, hloov cov generic kawg ntawm tej lus, cov ntaub ntawv, hom thiab tenses.

4. Semantic dyslexia

Tus kho lus ntawm tej mob yuav tsum tau ib tug me ntsis txawv mus kom ze tshaj nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg mob, vim hais tias qhov no hom ntawm teeb meem yus muaj teeb meem nrog kev to taub qhov tseeb ntsiab lus thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, txawm hais tias nws yog technically tus menyuam kawm ntawv nyeem cov ntawv nyeem kom raug. Variants ntawm ua txhaum cai:

• nyeem ntawv los ntawm lub suab, thaum ib tug me nyuam li qhia siv kuj utters lub suab, tab sis yuav tsis muab lawv mus rau hauv ib tug muaj nuj nqis tag nrho, thiab yog li ntawd yuav tsis nqus cov ntaub ntawv thaum nyeem ntawv, uas yog, muaj complexities zvukoslogovogo synthesis;
• nyeem ntawv tag nrho cov lus, thaum ib tug me nyuam muaj peev xwm tsis kom meej meej qhia txog cov syntactic kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv cov kab lus, uas yog, txhua txhua lo lus nws perceives tsis nyob rau hauv nrog cov neighboring lus thiab kev rho tawm;
• ua ke nrog ntawm lub thawj ob qho kev xaiv thaum nyeem ntawv lub suab raws li los ntawm ib tug to taub yuam kev ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm fuzzy sawv cev ntawm syntactic kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv kab lus.

5. mnesticheskimi dyslexia

Qhov no txhaum yog tshwm sim los ntawm teeb meem nrog hais lus nco, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas tus me nyuam yog muaj teeb meem nrog rau cov tsim ntawm txoj kev sib raug ntawm cov nrig txog kev pom duab ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab cov suab. Schoolboy yuav tsis nco qab tsab ntawv, xyoo lawv thaum nyeem ntawv lwm yam, tsis meej pem.

6. tactile dyslexia

Cov teeb meem ntawm no hom yog raug rau lub qhov muag tsis pom. Thaum nyeem ntawv xws li tus neeg tsis txhob siv lub nrig txog kev pom kev xaav thiab sensorimotor system (nyeem vim lub tactile ncus). Txawm li cas los, kev tshawb fawb qhia tias qhov muag tsis pom cov me nyuam nrog dyslexia nyob rau hauv lawv cov mechanisms yog tsis sib txawv ntawm kev hais lus mob tshwm sim los ntawm sighted cov me nyuam. Thaum tactile tsis meej, lub ntsiab teeb meem - ib tug ua txhaum ntawm tsab ntawv ntawm paub ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv nyob rau hauv Braille (rau cov Fabkis tus paub txog tuaj nrog ib tug tactile font rau neeg dig muag). Qhov muag tsis pom cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm dyslexia nyob rau hauv kev nyeem ntawv lus poob, yam tsiaj ntawv feem ntau tsis tas txog rau thaum xaus ntawm cov lo lus thiab sim twv nws. Nyob rau tib lub txhaum thaum mus rau cov ntiv tes nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam sib haum rau kev ua txhaum thaum lub sij hawm qhov muag zog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv sighted cov me nyuam txom nyem los ntawm cov tib teeb meem (lawv muaj cai los ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm chaotic kev sib hloov, nquag regression).

Dyslexia: kev kho mob

Kev ua txhaum yuav ua ib tug neej qhov teeb meem, tab sis ib txhia neeg tsis tswj kom tsim haumxeeb kev nyeem ntawv. Tiam sis feem coob ntawm cov dyslexics yuav tsum tau kev kawm ntawv theem yog tsis mus txog. Yuav kom txhim kho qhov teeb meem no, nws yog tsim nyog los kho siab tag nrho kev kawm ntawv. Cov me nyuam nrog rau qhov no tsis meej yuav tsum tau siv ntawm ncaj qha thiab indirect txoj kev qhia lo lus paub thiab tsim los ntawm kev txawj ntse cais tawm cheebtsam hauv cov lus. Nyob rau hauv lub direct qhia siv tshwj xeeb phonetic technology, uas tsis yog-paub nyeem ntawv. Indirect kev kawm yuav siv ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb kev pab cuam, uas los ntawm tej yam phonetic hom kev kawm muaj peev xwm kawm nyeem ntawv

Ntaus ntawm dyslexia yog ua nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. By kho txhua tus me nyuam yuav tsum tau kho ib lub zuj zus. Yog li ntawd, rau ib tug neeg preferable rau ib txoj kev uas yuav los kawm kom nyeem kom sai li sai raws li tag nrho cov lus thiab zaj lus, tab sis rau ib tug neeg tsim cov txheej txheem uas siv ib tug hierarchical system rau cov nrhiav tau ntawm kev nyeem ntawv kev txawj ntse, thaum tus me nyuam thawj kawm rau perceive suab units, thiab ces cov lus thiab muaj. Tsis tas li ntawd pom zoo kev kho mob rau cov uas qhov kev txiav txim yog nqa tawm sai li sai tau nyob rau hauv ntau hom piav thoob hlo kabmob. Raws li rau cov kev kho mob kev kho mob ntawm tus kab mob los yog kev siv ntawm tej kev kho mob raws li optometric kev cob qhia thiab cov zoo li, cov hauj lwm zoo rau hnub tim nws twb tsis tau muaj pov thawj.

Nyob rau hauv xaus

Ntau cov niam txiv yog ntshai hais tias lawv cov me nyuam yog mob dyslexia. Rau ib txhia yog vim li cas feem ntau cov neeg nrhiav tau qhov no pathology kev puas hlwb. Txawm li cas los, nws tsis yog li ntawd. Cov me nyuam muaj xws li ib tug teeb meem feem ntau muaj kawg li muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv lwm yam liaj teb, xws li physics, lej, suab paj nruag, painting. Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi dyslexia? Txog cov teeb meem ... los yog ib tug khoom plig? Xav zoo zoo ua ntej koj teb.